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Two Distinct Pathways of Formation of 4-Hydroxynonenal
Open accessAbstract
The mechanism of formation of 4-hydroxy-2E-nonenal (4-HNE) has been a matter of debate since it was discovered as a major cytotoxic product of lipid peroxidation in 1980. Recent evidence points to 4-hydroperoxy-2E-nonenal (4-HPNE) as the immediate precursor of 4-HNE (Lee, S. H., and Blair, I. A. (2000) Chem. Res. Toxicol. 13, 698-702; Noordermeer, M. A., Feussner, I., Kolbe, A., Veldink, G. A., and Vliegenthart, J. F. G. (2000) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 277, 112-116), and a pathway via 9-hydroperoxylinoleic acid and 3Z-nonenal is recognized in plant extracts. Using the 9- and 13-hydroperoxides of linoleic acid as starting material, we find that two distinct mechanisms lead to the formation of 4-H(P)NE and the corresponding 4-hydro(pero)xyalkenal that retains the original carboxyl group (9-hydroperoxy-12-oxo-10E-dodecenoic acid). Chiral analysis revealed that 4-HPNE formed from 13S-hydroperoxy-9Z,11E-octadecadienoic acid (13S-HPODE) retains >90% S configuration, whereas it is nearly racemic from 9S-hydroperoxy-10E,12Z-octadecadienoic acid (9S-HPODE). 9-Hydroperoxy-12-oxo-10E-dodecenoic acid is >90% S when derived from 9S-HPODE and almost racemic from 13S-HPODE. Through analysis of intermediates and products, we provide evidence that (i) allylic hydrogen abstraction at C-8 of 13S-HPODE leads to a 10,13-dihydroperoxide that undergoes cleavage between C-9 and C-10 to give 4S-HPNE, whereas direct Hock cleavage of the 13S-HPODE gives 12-oxo-9Z-dodecenoic acid, which oxygenates to racemic 9-hydroperoxy-12-oxo-10E-dodecenoic acid; by contrast, (ii) 9S-HPODE cleaves directly to 3Z-nonenal as a precursor of racemic 4-HPNE, whereas allylic hydrogen abstraction at C-14 and oxygenation to a 9,12-dihydroperoxide leads to chiral 9S-hydroperoxy-12-oxo-10E-dodecenoic acid. Our results distinguish two major pathways to the formation of 4-HNE that should apply also to other fatty acid hydroperoxides. Slight ( approximately 10%) differences in the observed chiralities from those predicted in the above mechanisms suggest the existence of additional routes to the 4-hydroxyalkenals.
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“The abundant diffusible products of lipid peroxidation are chemically reactive aldehydes including malondialdehyde (MDA), acrolein, 4-hydroxy-2-hexenal (4-HHE), and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE) [57,58].”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Schneider, C., Tallman, K. A., Porter, N. A., & Brash, A. R.
- Affiliations
- Vanderbilt University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Brash, Alan R.
- Venue
- Journal of Biological Chemistry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2001-06
- Volume
- 276
- Issue
- 24
- Pages
- 20831-20838
- ISSN
- 0021-9258 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2050057935
- Cited by
- 313
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 10.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Biological Chemistry (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (GM 15431)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (GM 15431, GM-53638, R01GM053638)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry (medical) › Antioxidant Activity and Oxidative Stress
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Redox biology and oxidative stress
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biochemistry › Eicosanoids and Hypertension Pharmacology
- Keywords
- 4-hydroxynonenal, lipid peroxidation, linoleic acid hydroperoxide, allylic hydrogen abstraction, chiral analysis, 4-hydroxyalkenals
- MeSH terms
- Aldehyde-Lyases, Aldehydes, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System, Kinetics, Linoleic Acids, Lipid Peroxides, Lipoxygenase, Recombinant Proteins, Glycine max, Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet, Stereoisomerism, Vitamin E, Cucurbitaceae
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