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Lipopolysaccharide Induces Rac1-dependent Reactive Oxygen Species Formation and Coordinates Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Secretion through IKK Regulation of NF-κB
Open accessAbstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important second messengers generated in response to many types of environmental stress. In this setting, changes in intracellular ROS can activate signal transduction pathways that influence how cells react to their environment. In sepsis, a dynamic proinflammatory cellular response to bacterial toxins (e.g. lipopolysaccharide or LPS) leads to widespread organ damage and death. The present study demonstrates for the first time that the activation of Rac1 (a GTP-binding protein), and the subsequent production of ROS, constitutes a major pathway involved in NFkappaB-mediated tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) secretion following LPS challenge in macrophages. Expression of a dominant negative mutant of Rac1 (N17Rac1) reduced Rac1 activation, ROS formation, NFkappaB activation, and TNFalpha secretion following LPS stimulation. In contrast, expression of a dominant active form of Rac1 (V12Rac1) mimicked these effects in the absence of LPS stimulation. IKKalpha and IKKbeta were both required downstream modulators of LPS-activated Rac1, since the expression of either of the IKK dominant mutants (IKKalphaKM or IKKbetaKA) drastically reduced NFkappaB-dependent TNFalpha secretion. Moreover, studies using CD14 blocking antibodies suggest that Rac1 induces TNFalpha secretion through a pathway independent of CD14. However, a maximum therapeutic inhibition of LPS-induced TNFalpha secretion occurred when both CD14 and Rac1 pathways were inhibited. Our results suggest that targeting both Rac1- and CD14-dependent pathways could be a useful therapeutic strategy for attenuating the proinflammatory cytokine response during the course of sepsis.
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“In the NF-κB system (e.g. [2020-2024]) (Fig 8), NF-κB is normally held inactive in the cytoplasm by binding to an inhibitor IκB (often IκBα). Pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, LPS [2025-2030] and IL-1 [2031] act by binding to receptors at the cell surface and initiating signalling pathways that lead to the activation of a particular kinase, IκB kinase or IKK. This kinase phosphorylates the”
From Iron behaving badly: inappropriate iron chelation as a major contributor to the aetiology of vascular and other progressive inflammatory and degenerative diseases (2009) · cites this paper as [2026]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Sanlioglu, S., Williams, C. M., Samavati, L., Butler, N. S., Wang, G., McCray, P. B., Ritchie, T. C., Hunninghake, G. W., Zandi, E., & Engelhardt, J. F.
- Affiliations
- University of Iowa (US)
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Engelhardt, John F.
- Venue
- Journal of Biological Chemistry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2001-08
- Volume
- 276
- Issue
- 32
- Pages
- 30188-30198
- ISSN
- 0021-9258 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2161781385
- Cited by
- 395
- References
- 94
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 9.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Biological Chemistry (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5p50hl060316-05)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL 60316)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK54759, P30DK054759)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › NF-κB Signaling Pathways
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Protein Kinase Regulation and GTPase Signaling
- Keywords
- lipopolysaccharide, Rac1, reactive oxygen species, NF-κB activation, IKKα, IKKβ, macrophages, CD14, sepsis, dominant negative Rac1
- MeSH terms
- Adenoviridae, Animals, Catalase, Cell Line, Cell Nucleus, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy, Enzyme Activation, Ethidium, Gene Expression Regulation, Genes, Dominant, Glutathione Transferase, Humans, Lipopolysaccharides, Luciferases, Models, Biological, Mutation, Oxidation-Reduction, Protein Binding, RNA, Messenger, Superoxides, Time Factors, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, Blotting, Western, Signal Transduction, Down-Regulation, Up-Regulation, Cytokines, NF-kappa B, Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases, Reactive Oxygen Species, Lipopolysaccharide Receptors, Protein Isoforms, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, rac1 GTP-Binding Protein, Mice, I-kappa B Kinase
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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