Evidence for two sites of superoxide production by mitochondrial NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I)
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Complex I (NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase) can form superoxide during forward electron flow (NADH-oxidizing) or, at sufficiently high protonmotive force, during reverse electron transport from the ubiquinone (Q) pool (NAD(+)-reducing). We designed an assay system to allow titration of the redox state of the superoxide-generating site during reverse electron transport in rat skeletal muscle mitochondria: a protonmotive force generated by ATP hydrolysis, succinate:malonate to alter electron supply and modulate the redox state of the Q pool, and inhibition of complex III to prevent QH(2) oxidation via the Q cycle. Stepwise oxidation of the QH(2)/Q pool by increasing malonate concentration slowed the rates of both reverse electron transport and rotenone-sensitive superoxide production by complex I. However, the superoxide production rate was not uniquely related to the resultant potential of the NADH/NAD(+) redox couple. Thus, there is a superoxide producer during reverse electron transport at complex I that responds to Q pool redox state and is not in equilibrium with the NAD reduction state. In contrast, superoxide production during forward electron transport in the presence of rotenone was uniquely related to NAD redox state. These results support a two-site model of complex I superoxide production; one site in equilibrium with the NAD pool, presumably the flavin of the FMN moiety (site I(F)) and the other dependent not only on NAD redox state, but also on protonmotive force and the reduction state of the Q pool, presumably a semiquinone in the Q-binding site (site I(Q)).
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Under conditions of reverse electron transfer, inhibiting complex II lowers complex I-related ROS generation.
“Under these conditions inhibition of complex II leads to a reduction of complex I related ROS generation [15,16,19,20,24].”
From Differential effects of complex II on mitochondrial ROS production and their relation to cardioprotective pre- and postconditioning (2013) · cites this paper as [24]
Complex II inhibitors that bind the dicarboxylate site or the Qp site attenuate ROS production when succinate is the prevalent substrate.
“The ROS production is also attenuated by complex II inhibitors that bind either to the dicarboxylate site or the Qp site if succinate is the prevalent substrate [15,16,19,20,24].”
From Differential effects of complex II on mitochondrial ROS production and their relation to cardioprotective pre- and postconditioning (2013) · cites this paper as [24]
This mechanism is supported by several studies with isolated mitochondria.
“Such a mechanism is supported by several studies with isolated mitochondria [15,16,19,20,24].”
From Differential effects of complex II on mitochondrial ROS production and their relation to cardioprotective pre- and postconditioning (2013) · cites this paper as [24]
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- Authors
- Treberg, J. R., Quinlan, C. L., & Brand, M. D.
- Affiliations
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging (US)
- Corresponding author
- Treberg, Jason R.
- Venue
- Journal of Biological Chemistry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-08
- Volume
- 286
- Issue
- 31
- Pages
- 27103-27110
- ISSN
- 0021-9258 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3149303
- OpenAlex
- W2077404125
- Cited by
- 212
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 7.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Biological Chemistry (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG033542, PL1AG032118, P01AG025901)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Mitochondrial Function and Pathology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Coenzyme Q10 studies and effects
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Redox biology and oxidative stress
- Keywords
- complex I, superoxide production, reverse electron transfer, proton motive force, rotenone, skeletal muscle mitochondria, two-site model, semiquinone, malonate, ATP hydrolysis
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Electron Transport, Female, Hydrogen Peroxide, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Mitochondria, Superoxides, Rats, Wistar, Electron Transport Complex I, Rats
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