Taurine biosynthesis by neurons and astrocytes
Open accessAbstract
The physiological roles of taurine, a product of cysteine degradation and one of the most abundant amino acids in the body, remain elusive. Taurine deficiency leads to heart dysfunction, brain development abnormalities, retinal degradation, and other pathologies. The taurine synthetic pathway is proposed to be incomplete in astrocytes and neurons, and metabolic cooperation between these cell types is reportedly needed to complete the pathway. In this study, we analyzed taurine synthesis capability as reported by incorporation of radioactivity from [(35)S]cysteine into taurine, in primary murine astrocytes and neurons, and in several transformed cell lines (human (SH-SY5Y) and murine (N1E-115) neuroblastoma, human astrocytoma (U-87 MG and 1321 N1), and rat glioma (C6)). Extensive incorporation of radioactivity from [(35)S]cysteine into taurine was observed in rat glioma cells as well as in primary mouse astrocytes and neurons, establishing the presence of an intact taurine synthesis pathway in these cells. Interestingly, exposure of cells to cysteine or cysteamine resulted in elevated intracellular hypotaurine without a corresponding increase in taurine levels, suggesting that oxidation of hypotaurine limits taurine synthesis in cells. Consistent with its role as an organic osmolyte, taurine synthesis was stimulated under hypertonic conditions in neurons.
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Taurine is essential for brain development and can be produced by neurons and astrocytes or transported through the blood-brain-barrier via TauT.
“Taurine is essential for brain development (Kilb and Fukuda, 2017; Tochitani, 2017) and can be produced by neurons and astrocytes (Vitvitsky et al., 2011) or transported through the blood-brain-barrier via the Taurine transporter TauT (Benrabh et al., 1995).”
From Human Gut Microbiota from Autism Spectrum Disorder Promote Behavioral Symptoms in Mice (2019) · cites this paper as Vitvitsky et al., 2011
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- Authors
- Vitvitsky, V., Garg, S. K., & Banerjee, R.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- Corresponding author
- Banerjee, Ruma
- Venue
- Journal of Biological Chemistry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-09
- Volume
- 286
- Issue
- 37
- Pages
- 32002-32010
- ISSN
- 0021-9258 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3173217
- OpenAlex
- W2037184235
- Cited by
- 131
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 2.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Biological Chemistry (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK64959, R01DK064959)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Aldose Reductase and Taurine
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biochemistry › Sulfur Compounds in Biology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biochemistry › Amino Acid Enzymes and Metabolism
- Keywords
- taurine biosynthesis, cysteine degradation, astrocytes, neurons, cysteamine, cysteine, hypertonicity, osmolytes, taurine deficiency, glioma cells, neuroblastoma cells, astrocytoma cells
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Astrocytes, Cysteine, Humans, Isotope Labeling, Mice, Inbred BALB C, Neurons, Osmotic Pressure, Oxidation-Reduction, Taurine, Cell Line, Tumor, Mice, Rats
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