The DOI matches its Crossref record; 37 of the 37 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Six Classes of Nuclear Localization Signals Specific to Different Binding Grooves of Importin α
Open accessAbstract
The importin alpha/beta pathway mediates nuclear import of proteins containing the classical nuclear localization signals (NLSs). Although the consensus sequences of the classical NLSs have been defined, there are still many NLSs that do not match the consensus rule and many nonfunctional sequences that match the consensus. We report here six different NLS classes that specifically bind to distinct binding pockets of importin alpha. By screening of random peptide libraries using an mRNA display, we selected peptides bound by importin alpha and identified six classes of NLSs, including three novel classes. Two noncanonical classes (class 3 and class 4) specifically bound the minor binding pocket of importin alpha, whereas the classical monopartite NLSs (class 1 and class 2) bound to the major binding pocket. Using a newly developed universal green fluorescent protein expression system, we found that these NLS classes, including plant-specific class 5 NLSs and bipartite NLSs, fundamentally require the regions outside the core basic residues for their activity and have specific residues or patterns that confer the activities differently between yeast, plants, and mammals. Furthermore, amino acid replacement analyses revealed that the consensus basic patterns of the classical NLSs are not essential for activity, thereby generating more unconventional patterns, including redox-sensitive NLSs. These results explain the causes of the NLS diversity. The defined consensus patterns and properties of importin alpha-dependent NLSs provide useful information for identifying NLSs.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
A short amino acid sequence able to specify nuclear location
Kalderon, D., Roberts, B. L., Richardson, W. D., & Smith, A. E. (1984) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(84)90457-4 · Cited by 2,507
Transport Between the Cell Nucleus and the Cytoplasm
Görlich, D., & Kutay, U. (1999) · Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.15.1.607 · Cited by 2,022
Nuclear targeting sequences — a consensus?
Dingwall, C., & Laskey, R. A. (1991) · Trends in Biochemical Sciences · doi:10.1016/0968-0004(91)90184-w · Cited by 1,876
Robbins, J., Dilwortht, S. M., Laskey, R. A., & Dingwall, C. (1991) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(91)90245-t · Cited by 1,489
Nucleocytoplasmic transport: the soluble phase
Mattaj, I. W., & Englmeier, L. (1998) · Annual Review of Biochemistry · doi:10.1146/annurev.biochem.67.1.265 · Cited by 1,175
Classical Nuclear Localization Signals: Definition, Function, and Interaction with Importin α
Lange, A., Mills, R. E., Lange, C. J., Stewart, M., Devine, S. E., & Corbett, A. H. (2007) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.r600026200 · Cited by 1,146
RNA-peptide fusions for the in vitro selection of peptides and proteins
Roberts, R. W., & Szostak, J. W. (1997) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.94.23.12297 · Cited by 1,105
Conti, E., Uy, M., Leighton, L., Blobel, G., & Kuriyan, J. (1998) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81419-1 · Cited by 783
Mechanisms of Receptor‐Mediated Nuclear Import and Nuclear Export
Pemberton, L. F., & Paschal, B. M. (2005) · Traffic · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0854.2005.00270.x · Cited by 689
Regulating Access to the Genome
Weis, K. (2003) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(03)00082-5 · Cited by 674
Cited by
LOCALIZER: subcellular localization prediction of both plant and effector proteins in the plant cell
Sperschneider, J., Catanzariti, A.-M., DeBoer, K., Petre, B., Gardiner, D. M., Singh, K. B., Dodds, P. N., & Taylor, J. M. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep44598 · Cited by 466
Genome editing of HBG1 and HBG2 to induce fetal hemoglobin
Métais, J.-Y., Doerfler, P. A., Mayuranathan, T., Bauer, D. E., Fowler, S. C., Hsieh, M. M., Katta, V., Keriwala, S., Lazzarotto, C. R., Luk, K., et al. (2019) · Blood Advances · doi:10.1182/bloodadvances.2019000820 · Cited by 177
Małecki, J. M., Odonohue, M.-F., Kim, Y., Jakobsson, M. E., Gessa, L., Pinto, R., Wu, J., Davydova, E., Moen, A., Olsen, J. V., et al. (2021) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkab088 · Cited by 59
Differential splicing and glycosylation of Apoer2 alters synaptic plasticity and fear learning
Wasser, C. R., Masiulis, I., Durakoglugil, M. S., Lane-Donovan, C., Xian, X., Beffert, U., Agarwala, A., Hammer, R. E., & Herz, J. (2014) · Science Signaling · doi:10.1126/scisignal.2005438 · Cited by 48
Melgar, A. E., & Zelada, A. M. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-03066-5 · Cited by 21
Metadata
- Authors
- Kosugi, S., Hasebe, M., Matsumura, N., Takashima, H., Miyamoto-Sato, E., Tomita, M., & Yanagawa, H.
- Venue
- Journal of Biological Chemistry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-01
- Volume
- 284
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 478-485
- ISSN
- 0021-9258 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1976572901
- Cited by
- 615
- References
- 37
- FWCI
- 5.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Six Classes of Nuclear Localization Signals Specific to Different Binding Grooves of Importin α. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1074/jbc.m807017200
- The paper
- Kosugi, S., Hasebe, M., Matsumura, N., Takashima, H., Miyamoto-Sato, E., Tomita, M., & Yanagawa, H. (2009). Six Classes of Nuclear Localization Signals Specific to Different Binding Grooves of Importin α. Journal of Biological Chemistry. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m807017200
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
