Mutations in the DNMT3A DNA methyltransferase in acute myeloid leukemia patients cause both loss and gain of function and differential regulation by protein partners

Abstract

Eukaryotic DNA methylation prevents genomic instability by regulating the expression of oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes. The negative effects of dysregulated DNA methylation are highlighted by a strong correlation between mutations in the de novo DNA methyltransferase gene DNA methyltransferase 3 α ( DNMT3A ) and poor prognoses among acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients. We show here that clinically observed DNMT3A mutations dramatically alter enzymatic activity, including mutations that lead to 6-fold hypermethylation and 3-fold hypomethylation of the human cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2B ( CDKN2B or p15 ) gene promoter. Our results provide insights into the clinically observed heterogeneity of p15 methylation in AML. Cytogenetically normal AML (CN-AML) constitutes 40–50% of all AML cases and is the most epigenetically diverse AML subtype with pronounced changes in non-CpG DNA methylation. We identified a subset of DNMT3A mutations that enhance the enzyme's ability to perform non-CpG methylation by 2–8–fold. Many of these mutations mapped to DNMT3A regions known to interact with proteins that themselves contribute to AML, such as thymine DNA glycosylase (TDG). Using functional mapping of TDG–DNMT3A interactions, we provide evidence that TDG and DNMT3-like (DNMT3L) bind distinct regions of DNMT3A. Furthermore, DNMT3A mutations caused diverse changes in the ability of TDG and DNMT3L to affect DNMT3A function. Cell-based studies of one of these DNMT3A mutations (S714C) replicated the enzymatic studies and revealed that it causes dramatic losses of genome-wide methylation. In summary, mutations in DNMT3A lead to diverse levels of activity, interactions with epigenetic machinery components and cellular changes.