Working memory interference control deficit in children referred by teachers for ADHD symptoms
Abstract
It has been hypothesised that children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) present memory problems, including working memory deficits. This research is aimed at finding clearer evidence of a working memory deficit in these children. In the first study 22 children that had been referred by teachers as having ADHD symptoms were compared with a control group. Their performance on a listening span test, drawn up by De Beni, Palladino, Pazzaglia, and Cornoldi (1998), was investigated. In this task the subjects were asked to select the names of animals in word strings and to remember the last word in each string. In a second study, 34 children with ADHD symptoms and 50 control children were presented with a visuospatial working memory task mirroring the verbal task used in Study 1. In both studies, the children with ADHD symptoms had difficulty in remembering the last item in the string and had a higher number of intrusions when memorising items that were not in the final position. The results were interpreted that children with ADHD symptoms have working memory problems because they are not capable of suppressing information that initially has to be processed, and subsequently excluded from memory. This particular difficulty can be interpreted as an inhibitory processing deficit. The implications of the results in understanding learning difficulties in children with ADHD are discussed.
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Disorders with excessive discounting also appear to exhibit suboptimal working memory.
“and because disorders with excessive discounting also appear to exhibit suboptimal working memory (Alloway, 2011; Cornoldi et al., 2001; Dige & Wik, 2005; Forbes et al., 2009; Landro et al., 2001; Re et al., 2010)”
From Excessive discounting of delayed reinforcers as a trans-disease process contributing to addiction and other disease-related vulnerabilities: Emerging evidence (2012) · cites this paper as Cornoldi et al., 2001
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Bickel, W. K., Jarmolowicz, D. P., Mueller, E. T., Koffarnus, M. N., & Gatchalian, K. M. (2012) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.02.004 · Cited by 604 · see citing works
“…(Shamosh et al., 2008), and because disorders with excessive discounting also appear to exhibit suboptimal working memory (Alloway, 2011; Cornoldi et al., 2001; Dige & Wik, 2005; Forbes et al., 2009; Landro et al., 2001; Re et al., 2010), training working memory may decrease rates of…”
BackgroundKasper, L. J., Alderson, R. M., & Hudec, K. L. (2012) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2012.07.001 · Cited by 414 · see citing works
Developmental dyscalculia is related to visuo-spatial memory and inhibition impairment
Szűcs, D., Devine, A., Soltész, F., Nobes, A., & Gabriel, F. C. (2013) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2013.06.007 · Cited by 421 · see citing works
“Interference suppression deficits in verbal WM tasks were also reported in children with ADHD (Cornoldi et al., 2001; Palladino, 2006; Palladino and Ferrari, 2013).”
BackgroundInfluentialEffect of Melatonin on Sleep, Behavior, and Cognition in ADHD and Chronic Sleep-Onset Insomnia
VAN der HEIJDEN, K. B., SMITS, M. G., VAN SOMEREN, E. J. W., RIDDERINKHOF, K. R., & GUNNING, W. B. (2007) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000246055.76167.0d · Cited by 378 · see citing works
“Interference control is the ability to ignore information linked to an inappropriate response tendency and was shown to be impaired in ADHD (Cornoldi et al., 2001).”
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Van Mourik, R., Oosterlaan, J., & Sergeant, J. A. (2005) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00345.x · Cited by 303 · see citing works
“Cornoldi et al. (2001) found that children with AD/HD had difficulties in controlling interference related to working memory.”
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“Furthermore, patients with ADHD [112] and schizophrenia [113] frequently exhibit striatal dysfunction and correspondingly impaired distraction resistance.”
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“assessment of children as young as five years of age (Cornoldi et al., 2001; Lanfranchi, Cornoldi, & Vianello, 2004; Re & Cornoldi, 2007).”
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Working memory in children with specific learning disorders and/or attention deficits
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Marton, K., KELMENSON, L., & PINKHASOVA, M. (2007) · PSYCHOLOGIA · doi:10.2117/psysoc.2007.110 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
“This finding is similar to the results of Cornoldi et al. (2001). The authors studied working memory in children with attention deficit disorders.”
ResultEvidence for different components in children's visuospatial working memory
Mammarella, I. C., Pazzaglia, F., & Cornoldi, C. (2007) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1348/026151007x236061 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Self-citationMetacognition, Mindfulness and Robots for Autism Inclusion
Mitsea, E., Lytra, N., Akrivopoulou, A., & Drigas, A. S. (2020) · International Journal of Recent Contributions from Engineering Science & IT (iJES) · doi:10.3991/ijes.v8i2.14213 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
“In this paper we have analyzed specifically dysfunction not only in language and attention, such as joint attention but in control and memory, such as working memory as well, based on scientific studies [3, 4, 5].”
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“Intrusion errors are often considered an index of inhibition failure and this measure has been shown to characterize the performance of particular groups of subjects such as: poor comprehenders at different ages (Carretti et al., 2004; De Beni et al., 1998; De Beni & Palladino, 2001), poor problem solvers (Passolunghi…”
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“If, on the contrary, inattentive children are disturbed by deeply processed irrelevant information even when it is clear that it is irrelevant (Cornoldi et al., 2002), irrelevant verbal information should be particularly disturbing.”
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“Nevertheless, although poorer VS (e.g., Cornoldi et al., 2001), visuospatial CE (e.g., Scheres et al., 2004) or both (e.g., Holmes et al., 2010) have been reported, a number of studies have failed to find differences between children with and without ADHD in this domain (Geurts, Verte, Oosterlaan,…”
BackgroundPassolunghi, M. C., Marzocchi, G. M., & Fiorillo, F. (2005) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1207/s15326942dn2803_1 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Self-citationShuai, L., Chan, R. C. K., & Wang, Y. (2010) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1093/arclin/acq101 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
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“Third, a Spanish adaptation of the visuospatial selective span task developed by Cornoldi et al. (2001) was used to assess students’ visuospatial WM capacity and the executive processes related to the control of a dual task.”
MethodWhat Happens to Information to be Suppressed in Working–Memory Tasks? Short and Long Term Effects
Carretti, B., Cornoldi, C., Béni, R. D., & Palladino, P. (2004) · The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A · doi:10.1080/02724980343000684 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“…items compensating this by randomly selecting nonfinal items, as it specifically concerns the most activated nonfinal items and can also be found in cases where the probability of recalling irrelevant information is equal to the probability of recalling new information (Cornoldi et al., 2001).”
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Self-citationOn the effects of multimodal information integration in multitasking
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The Effects of Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury on Verbal and Visual-Spatial Working Memory
Gorman, S. A., Barnes, M. A., Swank, P. R., Prasad, M. R., & Ewing‐Cobbs, L. (2011) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617711001251 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“Therefore, consistent with numerous other studies (Carretti et al., 2005; Cornoldi et al., 2001; Cornoldi & Mammarella, 2006; De Beni & Palladino, 2000; De Beni et al., 1998; Palladino et al., 2001; Pimperton & Nation, 2010) we investigated inhibitory control processes in verbal WM as indexed by intrusion errors.”
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Self-citationAlloway, T. P., Elliott, J., & Place, M. (2010) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297040903559655 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“Indeed, some researchers suggest that inhibition problems in ADHD could be the root of subsequent executive function difficulties (Berlin, Bohlin, & Rydell, 2003) and working memory problems (Cornoldi et al., 2001).”
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Spelling errors among children with ADHD symptoms: The role of working memory
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Visual Working Memory Capacity Can Be Increased by Training on Distractor Filtering Efficiency
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“In a study with children diagnosed with ADHD, Cornoldi et al. (2001) found that memory deficits were not due to weaker storage ability, but rather to poor inhibition.”
BackgroundInterference control in working memory: Comparing groups of children with atypical development
Palladino, P., & Ferrari, M. (2012) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2011.633505 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“Furthermore, children with ADHD showed poor working memory performance, together with a high production of intrusion errors ( Cornoldi et al, 2001 ).”
BackgroundApplication of the Dual-Component Model of Working Memory to ADHD
Gibson, B. S., Gondoli, D. M., Flies, A. C., Dobrzenski, B. A., & Nash Unsworth, A. (2009) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297040903146958 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
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BackgroundVakil, E., Blachstein, H., Wertman‐Elad, R., & Greenstein, Y. (2011) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2011.613816 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“Working memory performance in ADHD individuals was characterized by intrusions, most probably reflecting an inhibition deficit (Cornoldi et al., 2001).”
BackgroundWorking Memory Control Deficit in Kindergarten ADHD Children
Re, A. M., Franchis, V. D., & Cornoldi, C. (2010) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297040903373404 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
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BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationDoes processing speed mediate the effect of pediatric traumatic brain injury on working memory?
Gorman, S. A., Barnes, M. A., Swank, P. R., Prasad, M. R., Cox, C. S., & Ewing‐Cobbs, L. (2015) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/neu0000214 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“The Visuospatial Span Dual-Task measures visual-spatial WM (Cornoldi et al., 2001) and was created with the same processing demands as the verbal WM measure, allowing for direct comparison of verbal and visual-spatial WM.”
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“A study with poor comprehenders (Cornoldi, Drusi, Tencati, Giofrè, & Mirandola, 2012) found that they also had problem solving difficulties related with their updating difficulties.”
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“, 2005, for a meta-analysis) and it has been suggested (Cornoldi et al., 2002) that they present specific problems in attentional WM tasks.”
Self-citationThe Hungarian version of Listening Span task
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“More specifically, there is evidence that children with ADHD may have weaker interference control (Cornoldi et al. 2002; Crone et al. 2003; Forster et al. 2014) which should leave them more susceptible to any kind of interference.”
BackgroundAging and the Intrusion Superiority Effect in Visuo-Spatial Working Memory
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“In the present study, this potential bias was controlled for by proposing a “selective visuospatial working memory task” (SVSWMT), which is an adaptation of a procedure already used in a previous study ( Cornoldi et al, 2001 ).”
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“Children with poor comprehension are the prototypical example of a learning disability associated with a working memory deficit (De Beni & Palladino, 2001 ; De Beni, Palladino, Pazzaglia, & Cornoldi, 1998 ; Oakhill, Yuill, & Parkin, 1986 ; Palladino, Cornoldi, De Beni, & Pazzaglia, 2001 ) and with a failure in control…”
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“Supporting this hypothesis, Cornoldi et al. (2001 ) h ave shown that children with hyperactivity and inattention symptoms experienced a higher number of intrusions during working memory tasks and concluded that these children were not capable of suppressing information that initially needed to be processed.”
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“Overall, prior work has demonstrated that children who suffer from ADHD symptoms but have not been formally diagnosed with ADHD report as many academic, social, emotional difficulties and other impairments as diagnosed children (Angold et al. 1999; Barry et al. 2002; Cornoldi et al. 2001; Polderman et al. 2010).”
BackgroundADHD at Five: A Diagnosis-Intervention Program
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Self-citationIntrusion errors in visuospatial working memory performance
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“Our participants found both series lengths easier than the younger participants tested by Cornoldi et al. (2001).”
MethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationPresence of Distractor Improves Time Estimation Performance in an Adult ADHD Sample
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“In this scenario, an interesting question arises as to whether inhibitory control, a gating mechanism that filters out noise in favor of goal maintenance, is deficient in ADHD as reported in many studies (Cornoldi et al., 2001; Palladino & Ferrari, 2013; Prehn-Kristensen et al., 2011) or whether the stimuli generally…”
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“This was done to take into account the typical improvement in WM during development (Gathercole, Pickering, Ambridge, & Wearing, 2004), and had proved successful in other works (e.g., Cornoldi et al., 2001).”
ResultSelf-citationTools and E-tools for Memory and Attention Problems in Pre-school Education
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“Polynomial trend of the data and appropriateness of a general linear mixed model To determine the appropriate form of the data (linear, quadratic or cubic), scores for the CLS and VSS measures were plotted as a function of time since injury for each level of injury.”
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“This problem has been interpreted by some researches as an inhibitory processing deficit [32].”
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“…in executive functions with a specific core of dysfunctional response inhibition, which has been investigated in several diagnostic and therapeutic studies (e.g. Baumeister et al., 2018; Azami et al., 2016; Buchmann, 2011; Martinussen et al., 2005; Cornoldi et al., 2001; Mariani & Barkley, 1997).”
Working Memory in Children with ADHD
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“Cornoldi et al. (2001) found that children with ADHD had difficulty with problem solving, as they tend to remember information that are less relevant or irrelevant.”
Comparative Study of the Working Memory Scales of the WISC-IV and SB5 in Referred Students
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“In different dual-task studies on ADHD different dual-task methods are used (West et al., 2002; Cornoldi et al., 2001; Leitner et al., 2007; Savage et al., 2006; Fuggetta, 2006; Wimmer et al., 1999; Karatekin, 2004; Schachar & Logan, 1990).”
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Szabó-Balogh, V. (2017) · doi:10.14232/phd.3905
Attenzione sostenuta, inibizione e uso di strategie in bambini con DDAI o Disturbi d'Ansia
Gamba, A., Liberatore, S., & Marzocchi, G. M. (2007) · BOA (University of Milano-Bicocca)
Self-citation
- Authors
- Cornoldi, C., Marzocchi, G. M., Belotti, M., Caroli, M. G., Meo, T., & Braga, C.
- Affiliations
- University of Padua (IT)
- Venue
- Child Neuropsychology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2001-12
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 230-240
- ISSN
- 0929-7049 (ISSN-L)
- 1744-4136
- OpenAlex
- W2042450402
- Cited by
- 83
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2021: 4 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 1.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Child Neuropsychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- BOA (University of Milano-Bicocca) (submittedVersion)
- Padua Research Archive (University of Padova) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, working memory, interference control, inhibitory processes, children, visuospatial working memory, memory intrusion, learning difficulties
- MeSH terms
- Attention, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Humans, Internal-External Control, Memory, Short-Term, Neuropsychological Tests, Psychometrics, Reference Values, Referral and Consultation, Reproducibility of Results
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