Effect of Melatonin on Sleep, Behavior, and Cognition in ADHD and Chronic Sleep-Onset Insomnia
Open accessAbstract
Objective To investigate the effect of melatonin treatment on sleep, behavior, cognition, and quality of life in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and chronic sleep onset insomnia.Method A total of 105 medication-free children, ages 6 to 12 years, with rigorously diagnosed ADHD and chronic sleep onset insomnia participated in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial using 3 or 6 mg melatonin (depending on body weight), or placebo for 4 weeks. Primary outcome parameters were actigraphy-derived sleep onset, total time asleep, and salivary dim light melatonin onset.Results Sleep onset advanced by 26.9 +/- 47.8 minutes with melatonin and delayed by 10.5 +/- 37.4 minutes with placebo (p < .0001). There was an advance in dim light melatonin onset of 44.4 +/- 67.9 minutes in melatonin and a delay of 12.8 +/- 60.0 minutes in placebo (p < .0001). Total time asleep increased with melatonin (19.8 +/- 61.9 minutes) as compared to placebo (-13.6 +/- 50.6 minutes; p = .01). There was no significant effect on behavior, cognition, and quality of life, and significant adverse events did not occur.Conclusion Melatonin advanced circadian rhythms of sleep-wake and endogenous melatonin and enhanced total time asleep in children with ADHD and chronic sleep onset insomnia; however, no effect was found on problem behavior, cognitive performance, or quality of life.
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Melatonin has an effect on underlying delayed circadian phase in ADHD.
“indicating an effect of melatonin on underlying delayed circadian phase.”
From A systematic review of circadian function, chronotype and chronotherapy in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (2017) · cites this paper as Van der Heijden et al. (2007)
Melatonin treatment resulted in advanced sleep-onset time and DLMO in children with ADHD.
“Van der Heijden et al. (2007) report results from a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial of evening melatonin for 105 children with ADHD, which indicate that melatonin treatment resulted in advanced sleep-onset time and DLMO”
From A systematic review of circadian function, chronotype and chronotherapy in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (2017) · cites this paper as Van der Heijden et al. (2007)
Sleep onset time was delayed with placebo.
“Sleep onset time advanced with melatonin treatment and delayed with placebo.”
From A systematic review of circadian function, chronotype and chronotherapy in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (2017) · cites this paper as Van der Heijden et al. (2007)
A delayed pattern of melatonin secretion in children with ADHD compared with controls has been described.
“A delayed pattern of melatonin secretion in children with ADHD compared with controls has been described (Van der Heijden et al. 2005, 2007).”
From Associations of sleep disturbance with ADHD: implications for treatment (2015) · cites this paper as Van der Heijden et al. 2007
Two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials and a preliminary open-label study have indicated that melatonin treatment is effective in reducing sleep onset delay in children with ADHD.
“Two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials (Van der Heijden et al. 2007; Weiss et al. 2006) and a preliminary open-label study (Tjon Pian Gi et al. 2003) have indicated that melatonin treatment is effective in reducing sleep onset delay in children with ADHD (Cortese et al. 2013a).”
From Associations of sleep disturbance with ADHD: implications for treatment (2015) · cites this paper as Van der Heijden et al. 2007
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- Authors
- VAN der HEIJDEN, K. B., SMITS, M. G., VAN SOMEREN, E. J. W., RIDDERINKHOF, K. R., & GUNNING, W. B.
- Affiliations
- Ziekenhuis Gelderse Vallei (NL)
- Kempenhaeghe (NL)
- Corresponding author
- SMITS, MARCEL G.
- Venue
- Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2007-02
- Volume
- 46
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 233-241
- ISSN
- 0890-8567 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2057849818
- Cited by
- 378
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 28
- FWCI
- 10.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Stichting de Drie Lichten
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Keywords
- melatonin, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, circadian rhythm, sleep onset, total sleep time, dim light melatonin onset, children, sleep-wake cycle, behavior, cognition, quality of life
- MeSH terms
- Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Child Behavior Disorders, Chronic Disease, Circadian Rhythm, Cognition Disorders, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Double-Blind Method, Female, Humans, Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders, Male, Melatonin, Quality of Life, Wakefulness
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