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Toxocara: the enigmatic parasite
Abstract
Abstract This book contains 19 chapters focusing on Toxocara and the disease it causes known as toxocariasis. The chapters are divided into the following parts: molecular biology (3 chapters); Toxocara as a model system (2); animal models for toxocariasis (1); human disease (4); immunology of toxocariasis (2); epidemiology of toxocariasis (3); Toxocara in the veterinary context (3); economic impact of the disease (1). It will interest a wide range of general, veterinary and medical parasitologists as well as clinicians and those concerned with public health.
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“Public parks may be highly contaminated by eggs of T. canis, while sand-boxes and sand-pits by those of T. cati[18,88,90,207,208].”
From Pet roundworms and hookworms: A continuing need for global worming (2012) · cites this paper as [90]
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Items 101–183 of 183
Antonopoulos, A., Giannelli, A., Morgan, E. R., & Charlier, J. (2024) · Current Research in Parasitology and Vector-Borne Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.crpvbd.2024.100180 · Cited by 25
Toxocariasis in urban environment of western Slovakia
Ondriska, F., Mačuhová, K., Melicherová, J., Reiterová, K., Valentová, D., Beladicova, V., & Halgoš, J. (2013) · Helminthologia · doi:10.2478/s11687-013-0139-x · Cited by 19
Fonseca, G. R. E., dos Santos, S. V., Chieffi, P. P., et al. (2017) · Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz · doi:10.1590/0074-02760160341 · Cited by 19
González-García, T., Muñoz-Guzmán, M. A., Sánchez‐Arroyo, H., et al. (2017) · Veterinary Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.08.025 · Cited by 19
Correlation between asthma and Toxocara canis infection.
Cobzaru, R. G., Ripa, C. V., Leon, M. M., et al. (2013) · The Medical-Surgical Journal · Cited by 19
Lyons, M. A., Malhotra, R., & Thompson, C. W. (2022) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0276880 · Cited by 19
“canis can be asymptomatic or have a wide range of health impacts including fever, diarrhea, asthma, seizures, intestinal disorders, and rarely ocular larva migrans [59,60].”
BackgroundSu, H.-H., Su, Y.-C., & Huffman, M. A. (2013) · Zoological studies · doi:10.1186/1810-522x-52-22 · Cited by 18
“…which live in the intestinal lumen and share several life history traits in common with Oesophagostomum, another nematode species (Anderson 2000; Holland and Smith 2006) closely associated with leaf swallowing in chimpanzee and bonobo populations across Africa (Huffman 1997, 2010; Dupain et al.…”
BackgroundSalazar-Garcés, L. F., Santiago, L. F., Santos, S. P. D. O., Hernández, D. A. J., da Silva, M. B., Alves, V. D. S., Silveira, E. F., Barrouin‐Melo, S. M., Cooper, P. J., Pacheco, L. G. C., et al. (2020) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.04.072 · Cited by 19
Sowemimo, O. A. (2012) · Journal of Stored Products and Postharvest Research · Cited by 17
Comparative transcriptomic analyses of male and female adult Toxocara canis
Zhou, R., Ma, G., Korhonen, P. K., Luo, Y., Zhu, H., Luo, Y.-F., Gasser, R. B., & Xia, Q. (2016) · Gene · doi:10.1016/j.gene.2016.11.024 · Cited by 17
“Although experimental work (Akao, 2006) and molecular studies have provided insights into the immunology and epidemiology of Toxocara (Holland and Smith, 2006), very little is known about the fundamental molecular biology of T.”
BackgroundSchurer, J. M., Rafferty, E., Schwandt, M., Zeng, W., Farag, M., & Jenkins, E. (2016) · American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.4269/ajtmh.15-0729 · Cited by 17
Lopez-Alamillo, S., Padyala, P., Carey, M. N., Duffey, M. M., & Weatherhead, J. E. (2025) · Clinical Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1128/cmr.00101-23 · Cited by 24
Leal-Silva, T., Lopes, C. D. A., Vieira-Santos, F., Oliveira, F. M. S., Kraemer, L. R., Padrão, L. D. L. S., Amorim, C. C. O., Souza, J. L. N., Russo, R. C., Fujiwara, R. T., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.864632 · Cited by 12
Knaus, M., Baker, C. F., Reinemeyer, C. R., Chester, S. T., Rosentel, J. K., & Rehbein, S. (2014) · Veterinary Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.02.036 · Cited by 12
Hrčková, G., Velebný, S., Obwaller, A., et al. (2007) · Acta Tropica · doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2007.08.006 · Cited by 12
Epidemiology of gastrointestinal parasites in buffalo calves of Punjab state.
Jyoti, J., Singh, N., Juyal, P. O., et al. (2012) · Journal of Veterinary Parasitology · Cited by 12
Rubel, D., & Carbajo, A. E. (2019) · Preventive Veterinary Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.104713 · Cited by 13
The Complete Mitogenome of Toxocara vitulorum: Novel In-Sights into the Phylogenetics in Toxocaridae
Xie, Y., Wang, L., Chen, Y., et al. (2022) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani12243546 · Cited by 11
Sarkari, B., Lari, M., Shafiei, R., et al. (2014) · Archives of Pediatric Infectious Diseases · doi:10.5812/pedinfect.17911 · Cited by 11
Lin, S.-M., Liao, C., Lin, Y., Lee, C.-C., Kao, T. C., & Fan, C. (2007) · Parasitology Research · doi:10.1007/s00436-007-0791-5 · Cited by 11
Imaging of Toxocara canis larvae labelled by CFSE in BALB/c mice
Kolbeková, P., Kolářová, L., Větvička, D., & Syrůček, M. (2010) · Parasitology Research · doi:10.1007/s00436-010-2145-y · Cited by 11
Obstructie van de dunne darm door Toxocara vitulorum bij een kalf
Steen, L., Pardon, B., Sarre, C., et al. (2014) · Vlaams Diergeneeskundig Tijdschrift · doi:10.21825/vdt.v83i6.16628 · Cited by 11
A case of complicated cerebral toxocariasis in a 4-year old child
Kinčeková, J., Bánovčin, P., Fedor, M., et al. (2008) · Helminthologia · doi:10.2478/s11687-008-0034-z · Cited by 10
Nelson, F. B. L., Brown, G. P., Shilton, C. M., & Shine, R. (2015) · International Journal for Parasitology Parasites and Wildlife · doi:10.1016/j.ijppaw.2015.04.001 · Cited by 10
“An inflammatory reaction to dying nematodes can cause pathologic conditions in humans and other animals, such as ocular toxocariasis (Holland and Smith, 2005) and eosinophilic meningitis (Kliks and Palumbo, 1992), and are a potential adverse effect of anti-helmintic treatment (Nielsen et al., 2013).”
BackgroundPrevalence, intensity and associated risk factors for Toxocara canis infection in Nigerian dogs
Akeredolu, A. B., & Sowemimo, O. A. (2014) · Journal of Stored Products and Postharvest Research · doi:10.5897/jpvb2014.0154 · Cited by 10
“Infected dogs can shed large number of eggs into the environment causing infection in other dogs and in paratenic hosts including small mammals and humans (Holland and Smith, 2006).”
BackgroundRubel, D., Nemirovsky, S. I., Gorosito, I. L., Servián, A., & Garbossa, G. (2019) · Journal of Urban Ecology · doi:10.1093/jue/juz012 · Cited by 10
CIRNE, F. S. D. L. E., da SILVA, T., de CARVALHO, A. C. F., et al. (2017) · Acta Biomédica Brasiliensia · doi:10.18571/acbm.120 · Cited by 9
Prolactin as immune cell regulator inToxocara canissomatic larvae chronic infection
Río‐Araiza, V. H. D., Castro, K. E. N., Alba-Hurtado, F., Quintanar‐Stephano, A., Aguilar-Díaz, H., Muñoz-Guzmán, M. A., Ostoa‐Saloma, P., Ponce-Regalado, M. D., & Morales‐Montor, J. (2018) · Bioscience Reports · doi:10.1042/bsr20180305 · Cited by 10
FRECUENCIA DE HUEVOS DE Toxocara canis EN PARQUES PÚBLICOS DE MEXICALI, BAJA CALIFORNIA, MÉXICO
Instituto de Ingeniería, U. A. D. B. C., Rubio, L. R., Cueto, R. G., Instituto de Ingeniería, U. A. D. B. C., Tinoco-Gracia, L., Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias, U. A. D. B. C., Núñez, M. Q., California, S. D. P. A. A. D. B., Cueto-González, S. A., Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias, U. A. D. B. C., et al. (2019) · Revista Internacional de Contaminación Ambiental · doi:10.20937/rica.2019.35.03.06 · Cited by 9
Shams, M., Nourmohammadi, H., Asghari, A., et al. (2021) · Informatics in Medicine Unlocked · doi:10.1016/j.imu.2021.100732 · Cited by 9
Antagonistic activity of the fungusPochonia chlamydosporiaon mature and immatureToxocara caniseggs
Maciel, A. S., de Freitas, L. G., Figueiredo, L. D. P. S. E., Campos, A. K., & de Mello, I. N. K. (2012) · Parasitology · doi:10.1017/s0031182012000418 · Cited by 9
Gasser, R. B. (2025) · Biotechnology Advances · doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2025.108688 · Cited by 9
The non-glycosylated protein of Toxocara canis MUC-1 interacts with proteins of murine macrophages
Zhou, R., Jia, H., Du, Z., Jiang, A.-Y., Song, Z., Wang, T., Du, A., Gasser, R. B., & Ma, G. (2022) · PLoS neglected tropical diseases · doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0010734 · Cited by 11
Prevalensi Parasit Cacing Saluran Pencernaan Pada Kucing Liar di Kota Banyuwangi
Yudhana, A., & Praja, R. N. (2018) · Jurnal Medik Veteriner · doi:10.20473/jmv.vol1.iss1.2017.1-5 · Cited by 8
Toxocariasis, Hydatid Disease of the Lung, Strongyloidiasis, and Pulmonary Paragonimiasis
Mirza, A., & Rathore, M. H. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-44887-1.00033-x · Cited by 8
Río‐Araiza, V. H. D., Castro, K. E. N., Alba-Hurtado, F., Quintanar‐Stephano, A., Muñoz-Guzmán, M. A., Cuenca-Micó, O., & Morales‐Montor, J. (2018) · Veterinary Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.01.026 · Cited by 6
Presence of Toxocara Eggs on the Hairs of Dogs from Southwest Nigeria
Sowemimo, O. A., & Ayanniyi, O. O. (2016) · Journal of Bacteriology & Parasitology · doi:10.4172/2155-9597.1000296 · Cited by 7
“Infected dogs can shed large number of eggs into the environment causing infection in other dogs and in paratenic hosts including small mammals and humans [1].”
BackgroundFata, A., Hosseini, S. M., Woo, S. J., et al. (2021) · Iranian Journal of Parasitology · doi:10.18502/ijpa.v16i2.6312 · Cited by 6
Etebar, F., Hosseini, S. H., Jalousian, F., & Ranjbar, M. M. (2018) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 5
Mesa-Arango, J. A., Olave-Velandia, A. M., García-Montoya, G., et al. (2022) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11144 · Cited by 5
Human case of visceral larva migrans syndrome: pulmonary and hepatic involvement
Almatary, A. M., & Bakir, H. Y. (2016) · Helminthologia · doi:10.1515/helmin-2016-0033 · Cited by 5
Urhan, O. F., Erol, U., & Altay, K. (2023) · Research in Veterinary Science · doi:10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.104952 · Cited by 5
Screening municipal waste collectors for cystic echinococcosis and toxocariasis in southwestern Iran
Beiromvand, M., Rafiei, A., Tavalla, M., et al. (2019) · The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries · doi:10.3855/jidc.10614 · Cited by 5
Baharudeen, Z., Noordin, R., Lim, T. S., et al. (2022) · Pathogens · doi:10.3390/pathogens11111232 · Cited by 4
Selek, M. B., & Baylan, O. (2013) · Turkish Bulletin of Hygiene and Experimental Biology · doi:10.5505/turkhijyen.2013.04875 · Cited by 4
Chan, J. M., Chan, H., & Flores, M. J. C. (2023) · Insights in Public Health Journal · doi:10.20884/1.iphj.2023.4.1.9288 · Cited by 4
Concomitant infestation of Toxocara cati and Ancylostoma tubaeforme in a mongrel cat
Saravanan, M., Sarma, K., Mondal, D. B., Kumar, M., & Vijayakumar, H. (2014) · Journal of Parasitic Diseases · doi:10.1007/s12639-014-0451-5 · Cited by 4
Glycomics in unravelling glycan-driven immune responses by parasitic helminths
van Die, I., & Cummings, R. (2009) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-373600-0.00015-9 · Cited by 7
Toxocariasis in a Child with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Pieroni, F., Massei, F., Micheletti, M. V., Luti, L., Marco, E. D., Ludovisi, A., Casazza, G., & Bruschi, F. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18010283 · Cited by 4
Rahbar, A., Alborzi, A., & Shapoori, M. S. A. (2013) · Journal of Parasitic Diseases · doi:10.1007/s12639-013-0310-9 · Cited by 3
“Limitations due to presence of cross-reactive antigens in TES and also in regularly producing sufficient quantities of a standardized TES product, have led researchers to investigate the possibility of using recombinant TES antigens for serodiagnosis (Holland 2006).”
BackgroundAn interesting case of visceral larva migrans (VLM)
Thakkar, P., Dahat, A., Shukla, O., et al. (2012) · International Journal of Medical Science and Public Health · doi:10.5455/ijmsph.2012.1.101-104 · Cited by 3
“published the presence of Toxocara larvae in granulomas removed from patients[7,8], since then VLM has been reported from all over the world, although 80% of the dogs in India affected by Toxocara canis, to our knowledge there are very few pediatric case reports of VLM from India.”
BackgroundMcManus, R., Hamilton, C. M., & Holland, C. V. (2018) · Michigan State University eBooks · doi:10.14321/waterpathogens.42 · Cited by 3
Weese, J. S., Peregrine, A. S., Anderson, M., & Fulford, M. B. (2010) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470958957.ch1 · Cited by 6
Comprehensive Control of Toxocariasis in Communities
Hernández, D. A. J. (2024) · Infectious diseases · doi:10.5772/intechopen.1005054 · Cited by 3
Kuenzli, E., Labhardt, N. D., Balestra, G. M., et al. (2016) · Open Forum Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/ofid/ofw145 · Cited by 2
“intestinal, respiratory, neurological, and ocular symptoms or allergic reactions can occur [1, 2].”
BackgroundOh, Y.-H., Sohn, H., Choi, M., Hyun, M.-W., Hong, S., Lee, J.-S., Ryu, A., Kim, J.-H., & Shin, H.-J. (2023) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare11212839 · Cited by 2
Sun, T., Bellosa, M. L., Lucio‐Forster, A., et al. (2007) · Veterinary Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.08.049 · Cited by 2
The 125‐year life cycle of parasite control
Morgan, E. R. (2013) · Veterinary Record · doi:10.1136/vr.f4698 · Cited by 2
Farantika, R., & Susanti, R. (2019) · jurnal veteriner · doi:10.19087/jveteriner.2019.20.3.316 · Cited by 2
Echinococcosis on the Tibetan Plateau
Budke, C. M. (2004) · edoc (University of Basel) · doi:10.5451/unibas-003581410 · Cited by 2
DNA barcoding shows that Toxocara cati infecting domestic and wild felids is a species complex
Fogt-Wyrwas, R., Dabert, M., & Jarosz, W. (2025) · Veterinary Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2025.110514 · Cited by 1
Siyadatpanah, A., Nikoo, M. R., Labana, R. V., et al. (2025) · Journal of Parasitic Diseases · doi:10.1007/s12639-025-01861-9 · Cited by 1
“The burden is particularly perilous in low-and middle-income countries, where poor sanitation, heavy soil contamination, and prolonged contact with infected animals facilitate transmission (Holland and Smith 2006 ; Macpherson 2013).”
Evaristo, T. A., Ferraz, A., Antunes, T. D. Á., et al. (2020) · SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HEALTH · doi:10.15210/sah.v7i3.13789 · Cited by 1
Therapeutic management of Toxocara vitulorum in a murrah buffalo calves: A case report
Brahma, J., Bhattacharyya, H., Boro, P. K., et al. (2023) · International Journal of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry · doi:10.22271/veterinary.2023.v8.i2a.491 · Cited by 1
Gasser, R. B., Beveridge, I., & Chilton, N. B. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-28818-0.00029-x · Cited by 3
Diagnostic biologique de la toxocarose humaine
Magnaval, J., Fillaux, J., & Fabre, R. (2014) · Revue Francophone des Laboratoires · doi:10.1016/s1773-035x(14)72576-6 · Cited by 1
Two case reports of toxocariasis mimicking endophthalmitis in immunosuppresed adults
Gan, Y. K., Ahmad, S. S., & Alexander, S. M. (2016) · Journal of Coastal Life Medicine · doi:10.12980/jclm.4.2016j5-178 · Cited by 1
“Despite the low intensity of invasion and unilateral location of the migrating parasite, infection may cause severe inflammation and progressive ocular damage, leading to retinal detachment, cataract formation, endophthalmitis, strabismus and blindness[2,6].”
BackgroundBourgoin, G., Callait‐Cardinal, M., Bouhsira, É., Polack, B., Bourdeau, P. J., Ariza, C. R., Carassou, L., Liénard, E., & Drake, J. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1315953/v1 · Cited by 1
BRIEF COMMUNICATION / COMMUNICATION BRÈVE
Janssen, I. (2012)
Imunodiagnóstico da toxocaríase humana com antígeno TES30 recombinante
Telmo, P. D. L. (2013)
Fabiani, S., & Bruschi, F. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818731-9.00228-7
Effects of Potassium Dichromate on Distribution of Toxocara canis Larvae within Brain of Mice
Bazzaz, A. A., Ahmad, N. A., & Chelebi, N. A. (2015) · Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering - A · doi:10.17265/2162-5298/2015.04.003
Human ascariasis, an evolutionary complex relationship between host and parasite
Baldi, M., & Baldi, N. F. (2022) · Revista Ciencias Veterinarias · doi:10.15359/rcv.40-2.4
Nguyen, T.-B., Nguyễn, T. H. T., Lê, M. H., et al. (2023) · Tạp chí Y Dược học Cần Thơ · doi:10.58490/ctump.2023i62.680
Respiratory diseases of dogs and cats
Pathak, A., Asediya, V., Anjaria, P. A., & Singh, S. P. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-18548-9.00009-3
Companion Animal Zoonosis: One Health Approach to Prevention and Control
(2023) · International Journal of Agriculture and Biosciences · doi:10.47278/book.zoon/2023.020
Zoonotic hookworms and roundworms affecting dogs and cats in Europe
Colombo, M., & Traversa, D. (2024) · The Veterinary Nurse · doi:10.12968/vetn.2024.15.2.52
WITHDRAWN: First report of Toxocara vitulorum infection in a dairy calf in Tennessee
Wyrosdick, H. M., Johnson, A., Riese, K., et al. (2024) · Veterinary Parasitology Regional Studies and Reports · doi:10.1016/j.vprsr.2024.101128
RetractedFirst report of Toxocara vitulorum infection in a dairy calf in Tennessee
Wyrosdick, H. M., Johnson, A., Riese, K., et al. (2024) · Veterinary Parasitology Regional Studies and Reports · doi:10.1016/j.vprsr.2024.101184
Zoonotic hookworms and roundworms affecting dogs and cats in Europe
Colombo, M., & Traversa, D. (2025) · The Veterinary Nurse · doi:10.12968/vetn.2025.0009a
Roundworms ( Ascaris lumbricoides and Toxocara cati )
Siddique, A., & Terrill, T. H. (2025) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119985853.ch6.10
Soil-transmitted helminth eggs in public areas of Azores archipelago, Portugal
Teixeira, R., Lozano, J., Flor, I., et al. (2025) · Parasitology International · doi:10.1016/j.parint.2025.103166
Metadata
- Venue
- CABI Publishing eBooks
- Publisher
- CABI Publishing
- Published
- 2006-01
- OpenAlex
- W2105359069
- Cited by
- 184
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2025: 7 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 20
- FWCI
- 9.70
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- CABI Publishing eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Parasitology › Parasitic infections in humans and animals
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Parasitology › Parasites and Host Interactions
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Parasitology › Helminth infection and control
- Keywords
- Toxocara, toxocariasis, parasitic helminths, molecular biology, animal models, human disease, immunology, epidemiology, veterinary parasitology, economic impact, public health
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