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Toxocara: the enigmatic parasite
Abstract
Abstract This book contains 19 chapters focusing on Toxocara and the disease it causes known as toxocariasis. The chapters are divided into the following parts: molecular biology (3 chapters); Toxocara as a model system (2); animal models for toxocariasis (1); human disease (4); immunology of toxocariasis (2); epidemiology of toxocariasis (3); Toxocara in the veterinary context (3); economic impact of the disease (1). It will interest a wide range of general, veterinary and medical parasitologists as well as clinicians and those concerned with public health.
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“Public parks may be highly contaminated by eggs of T. canis, while sand-boxes and sand-pits by those of T. cati[18,88,90,207,208].”
From Pet roundworms and hookworms: A continuing need for global worming (2012) · cites this paper as [90]
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“Given that public squares, sandpits, playgrounds, beaches are always at a high risk for heavy contamination by pet faeces and public parks and green areas are always contaminated by parasites of dogs [4,8,101-103], avoiding animal defecation in public areas or immediate collection of stool by the pet owner is crucial…”
BackgroundZoonotic Diseases Associated with Free‐Roaming Cats
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Knowledge gaps in the epidemiology of Toxocara : the enigma remains
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Human toxocariasis: current advances in diagnostics, treatment, and interventions
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Human toxocariasis – A look at a neglected disease through an epidemiological ‘prism’
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Global prevalence of Toxocara infection in cats
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Factors affecting disease manifestation of toxocarosis in humans: Genetics and environment
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Advances in molecular identification, taxonomy, genetic variation and diagnosis of Toxocara spp.
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Global and regional seroprevalence estimates for human toxocariasis: A call for action
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Quantifying sources of environmental contamination with Toxocara spp. eggs
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Toxocariasis-associated cardiac diseases—A systematic review of the literature
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Diakou, Α., Cesare, A. D., Accettura, P. M., Barros, L. A., Iorio, R., Paoletti, B., di Regalbono, A. F., Halos, L., Beugnet, F., & Traversa, D. (2017) · PLoS neglected tropical diseases · doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0005335 · Cited by 78
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DNA amplification approaches for the diagnosis of key parasitic helminth infections of humans
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Therapeutic battle against larval toxocariasis: Are we still far behind?
Othman, A. A. (2012) · Acta Tropica · doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2012.08.003 · Cited by 69
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Fahrion, A. S., Staebler, S., & Deplazes, P. (2008) · Veterinary Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.11.022 · Cited by 67
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Presence of Toxocara canis eggs on the hair of dogs: A risk factor for Visceral Larva Migrans
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Soil-transmitted Helminths (Geohelminths)
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Contamination of the hair of owned dogs with the eggs of Toxocara spp.
Keegan, J. D., & Holland, C. V. (2010) · Veterinary Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.06.010 · Cited by 62
“Infected dogs can shed large numbers of eggs into the environment causing 52 infection in other dogs and in paratenic hosts including small mammals and humans (Gillespie 53 1988; Holland & Smith, 2006).”
BackgroundJex, A. R., Littlewood, D. T. J., & Gasser, R. B. (2009) · Biotechnology Advances · doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2009.11.002 · Cited by 61
Risk of Toxocara canis eggs in stray and domestic dog hair in Egypt
El‐Tras, W. F., Holt, H., & Tayel, A. A. (2011) · Veterinary Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.12.051 · Cited by 63
Jarosz, W., Mizgajska-Wiktor, H., Kirwan, P., Konarski, J. M., Rychlicki, W., & Wawrzyniak, G. (2009) · Parasitology · doi:10.1017/s0031182009990874 · Cited by 61
Gasser, R. B. (2012) · Veterinary Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.12.031 · Cited by 59
Mizgajska-Wiktor, H., Jarosz, W., Fogt-Wyrwas, R., & Drzewiecka, A. (2016) · Veterinary Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.12.011 · Cited by 56
Pinelli, E., Brandes, S., Dormans, J. A. M. A., Fonville, M., Hamilton, C. M., & van der Giessen, J. W. B. (2006) · Experimental Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.exppara.2006.06.002 · Cited by 51
Intestinal helminths of feral cat populations from urban and suburban districts of Qatar
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Herbison, R. E. H. (2017) · Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.3389/fevo.2017.00102 · Cited by 49
“T. canis is highly prevalent in canines globally and can spread to humans via its widespread environmental contamination of feces (Holland and Smith, 2006).”
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Gyang, P. V., Akinwale, O. P., Lee, Y., Chuang, T., Orok, A. B., Ajibaye, O., Liao, C., Chen, P.-C., Chou, C.-M., Huang, Y.-C., et al. (2015) · Acta Tropica · doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.03.018 · Cited by 49
Toxocara catiinfections in stray cats in northern Iran
Sharif, M., Nasrolahei, M., Ziapour, S. P., et al. (2007) · Journal of Helminthology · doi:10.1017/s0022149x07214117 · Cited by 46
Bourgoin, G., Callait‐Cardinal, M., Bouhsira, É., Polack, B., Bourdeau, P. J., Ariza, C. R., Carassou, L., Liénard, E., & Drake, J. (2022) · Parasites & Vectors · doi:10.1186/s13071-022-05368-7 · Cited by 44
“cati are major parasites in domestic animals due to their fairly high prevalence, their adverse effects on young animals and because they may cause visceral and ocular larva migrans as well as neurological signs or potential booster effect on atopy in humans [1, 3, 4].”
BackgroundTreatment of larva migrans syndrome with long-term administration of albendazole
Hombu, A., Yoshida, A., Kikuchi, T., Nagayasu, E., Kuroki, M., & Maruyama, H. (2017) · Journal of Microbiology Immunology and Infection · doi:10.1016/j.jmii.2017.07.002 · Cited by 46
The Mitochondrial Genome of Toxocara canis
Jex, A. R., Waeschenbach, A., Littlewood, D. T. J., Hu, M., & Gasser, R. B. (2008) · PLoS neglected tropical diseases · doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0000273 · Cited by 44
“canis, there are still major gaps in our knowledge of the genetics, ecology and epidemiology of this enigmatic parasite [24].”
BackgroundThe co-occurrence of Toxocaraocular and visceral larva migrans syndrome: a case series
Paul, M., Stefaniak, J., Twardosz-Pawlik, H., et al. (2009) · Cases Journal · doi:10.1186/1757-1626-0002-0000006881 · Cited by 40
In vitro and in vivo effects of Enterococcus faecalis CECT7121 on Toxocara canis
Chiodo, P. G., Sparo, M. D., Pezzani, B. C., et al. (2010) · Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz · doi:10.1590/s0074-02762010000500003 · Cited by 39
Zoonotic intestinal parasites and vector-borne pathogens in Italian shelter and kennel dogs
Traversa, D., Di Cesare, A., Simonato, G., Cassini, R., Merola, C., Diakou, A., Halos, L., Beugnet, F., & Frangipane di Regalbono, A. (2017) · Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.cimid.2017.04.003 · Cited by 39
Seroprevalence of human toxocarosis in Europe: A review and meta-analysis
Strübe, C., Raulf, M., Springer, A., Waindok, P., & Auer, H. (2020) · Advances in Parasitology/Advances in parasitology · doi:10.1016/bs.apar.2020.01.014 · Cited by 39
Patterns of parasitic infections in faecal samples from stray cat populations in Qatar
Abu-Madi, M. A., Al-Ahbabi, D. A., Al-Mashhadani, M. M., Al-Ibrahim, R., Pal, P. P., & Lewis, J. W. (2007) · Journal of Helminthology · doi:10.1017/s0022149x07818505 · Cited by 38
“As in the case of T. canis in dogs, T. cati is capable of causing disease to humans by larval migration, following ingestion of the eggs, resulting in human toxocariasis which is a commonly reported zoonotic helminthiasis (Lewis & Maizels, 1993; Holland & Smith, 2006).”
BackgroundSerodiagnostic methods for diagnosing larval toxocariasis
Noordin, R., Yunus, M. H., Farrizam, S. N. T., et al. (2020) · Advances in Parasitology/Advances in parasitology · doi:10.1016/bs.apar.2020.01.003 · Cited by 38
MicroRNAs of Toxocara canis and their predicted functional roles
Ma, G., Luo, Y., Zhu, H., Luo, Y., Korhonen, P. K., Young, N. D., Gasser, R. B., & Zhou, R. (2016) · Parasites & Vectors · doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1508-3 · Cited by 38
“Various studies have given improved insights into the epidemiology of Toxocara species using molecular methods [18], and knowledge of the genome and transcriptomes is now helping us gain a better understanding of the fundamental molecular biology, biochemistry and physiology of T.”
BackgroundDiagnostic trends of human toxocariasis.
Watthanakulpanich, D. (2010) · Cited by 37
Thomas, D., & Jeyathilakan, N. (2012) · Journal of Parasitic Diseases · doi:10.1007/s12639-012-0217-x · Cited by 36
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Toxocara seropositivity, atopy and asthma: a study in C uban schoolchildren
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Prevalence of potentially zoonotic gastrointestinal parasites in canine faeces in Ibadan, Nigeria
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“44 T. canis infection causes visceral and ocular larva migrans in humans 7 and protozoan cysts belonging to Strongyloides sp. and Iso-spora sp. respectively were also detected in the present study.”
ResultSeroprevalence of toxocariasis in hypereosinophilic individuals in Ahwaz, south-western Iran
Maraghi, S., Rafiei, A., Hajihossein, R., et al. (2011) · Journal of Helminthology · doi:10.1017/s0022149x11000307 · Cited by 34
Prevalence of zoonotic helminths in Italian house dogs
Torre, F. L., Cesare, A. D., Simonato, G., Cassini, R., Traversa, D., & di Regalbono, A. F. (2018) · The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries · doi:10.3855/jidc.9865 · Cited by 32
“The most important syndromes are “visceral larva migrans” (VLM), involving organs like liver or lungs, “ocular larva migrans” (OLM), where damages to eye and optic nerve occur [6,9], and neurotoxocarosis [10], when the central nervous system is involved.”
BackgroundSeroprevalence of Toxocara spp. in a rural population in Central African Gabon
Lötsch, F., Obermüller, M., Mischlinger, J., et al. (2016) · Parasitology International · doi:10.1016/j.parint.2016.09.001 · Cited by 30
Keys to Unlock the Enigma of Ocular Toxocariasis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Badri, M., Eslahi, A. V., Olfatifar, M., Dalvand, S., Houshmand, E., Abdoli, A., Majidiani, H., Eslami, A., Zibaei, M., Johkool, M. G., et al. (2021) · Ocular Immunology and Inflammation · doi:10.1080/09273948.2021.1875007 · Cited by 32
“Actually, retinoblastoma does not prevent Toxocara infection, and a positive serology against the infection does not completely ignore the retinoblastoma diagnosis, particularly in young children.(54) Our analysis has shown that two sites of granuloma were common in OT, including central and peripheral granuloma (Supp…”
BackgroundMolecular Diagnosis of an Ocular Toxocariasis Patient in Vietnam
De, N. V., Trung, N. V., Duyệt, L. V., et al. (2013) · Korean Journal of Parasitology · doi:10.3347/kjp.2013.51.5.563 · Cited by 30
Sowemimo, O. A. (2007) · Journal of Helminthology · doi:10.1017/s0022149x07850267 · Cited by 30
Toxocara malaysiensis infection in domestic cats in Vietnam — An emerging zoonotic issue?
Le, T. H., Anh, N. T. L., Nguyen, K. T., et al. (2015) · Infection Genetics and Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2015.11.009 · Cited by 28
Mikaeili, F., Mirhendi, H., Hosseini, M., et al. (2013) · PubMed · Cited by 28
Abou-El-Naga, I. F., & Mogahed, N. M. F. H. (2022) · Acta Tropica · doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106784 · Cited by 33
Toxocara canis larvae reinfecting BALB/c mice exhibit accelerated speed of migration to the host CNS
Kolbeková, P., Větvička, D., Svoboda, J., et al. (2011) · Parasitology Research · doi:10.1007/s00436-011-2371-y · Cited by 27
Morphology and Occurrence of Species of Toxocara in Wild Mammal Populations from Egypt
Radwan, N. A., Khalil, A. I., & Elmahy, R. A. (2009) · Comparative Parasitology · doi:10.1654/4367.1 · Cited by 27
Harnessing the Toxocara Genome to Underpin Toxocariasis Research and New Interventions
Gasser, R. B., Korhonen, P. K., Zhu, X.-Q., & Young, N. D. (2016) · Advances in Parasitology/Advances in parasitology · doi:10.1016/bs.apar.2015.12.001 · Cited by 26
“tainty as to what extent they are implicated in human disease (Holland and Smith, 2006; Bowman, 2014).”
BackgroundInfluentialZahabiun, F., Sadjjadi, S. M., Yunus, M. H., Rahumatullah, A., Moghaddam, M. H. F., Saidin, S., & Noordin, R. (2015) · American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.4269/ajtmh.15-0190 · Cited by 27
Dog walking brings Toxocara eggs to people's homes
Панова, О. А., & Khrustalev, A. V. (2018) · Veterinary Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.09.004 · Cited by 27
Choobineh, M. A., Mikaeili, F., Sadjjadi, S. M., et al. (2018) · Journal of Helminthology · doi:10.1017/s0022149x18000354 · Cited by 24
“Although it is possible to differentiate them by electron microscopy, their identification by light microscopy is not possible (Holland & Smith, 2006; Zibaei & Sadjjadi, 2010).”
BackgroundToxocariasis in children attending a Public Health Service Pneumology Unit in Paraná State, Brazil
Guilherme, E. V., Marchioro, A. A., de Araújo, S. M., et al. (2013) · Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo · doi:10.1590/s0036-46652013000300009 · Cited by 24
Rast, L., Toribio, J.-A. L. M. L., Dhand, N. K., et al. (2013) · Preventive Veterinary Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2013.10.021 · Cited by 24
Morales-Yánez, F., Trashin, S., Hermy, M. R. G., Sariego, I., Polman, K., Muyldermans, S., & Wael, K. D. (2019) · Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01687 · Cited by 24
Toxocariasis and childhood asthma: A case-control study
Cadore, P. S., Zhang, L., Lemos, L. D. L., Lorenzi, C., Telmo, P. D. L., Santos, P. C., Mattos, G. T., Vignol, F. S., Prietsch, S. O. M., Berne, M. E. A., et al. (2016) · Journal of Asthma · doi:10.3109/02770903.2015.1064951 · Cited by 23
“There are common characteristics for asthma and toxocariasis, such as airway inflammation, eosinophil accumulation and induction of the production of IgE [16].”
Contamination of fox hair with eggs ofToxocara canis
Roddie, G., Holland, C. V., Stafford, P., et al. (2008) · Journal of Helminthology · doi:10.1017/s0022149x08996954 · Cited by 23
“Toxocara canis is a widely distributed ascarid nematode that commonly infects domestic dogs and other canids, including foxes, wolves and coyotes (Holland & Smith, 2006).”
BackgroundHenke, K., Ntovas, S., Xourgia, E., Exadaktylos, A. K., Klukowska‐Rötzler, J., & Ziaka, M. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20216972 · Cited by 27
Peixoto, P. L., Nascimento, E., Cançado, G. G. L., et al. (2011) · Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz · doi:10.1590/s0074-02762011000200014 · Cited by 22
Antolová, D., Jarčuška, P., Janíčko, M., et al. (2015) · Epidemiology and Infection · doi:10.1017/s0950268814003665 · Cited by 22
Morales-Yánez, F., Sariego, I., Vincke, C., Hassanzadeh‐Ghassabeh, G., Polman, K., & Muyldermans, S. (2019) · International Journal for Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpara.2019.03.004 · Cited by 21
Immunodiagnosis of Human Toxocariasis and Prospects for Improved Diagnostics
Wilkins, P. P. (2014) · Current Tropical Medicine Reports · doi:10.1007/s40475-013-0001-8 · Cited by 20
Toxocariasis and Public Health: An Epidemiological Review
Chigozie, G. N. (2017) · Global Journal of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Research · doi:10.17352/2455-5363.000016 · Cited by 22
“Washing all fruits and vegetables [9,63], keeping pets out of gardens and thoroughly cooking meats can also prevent transmission.”
Influential
Metadata
- Venue
- CABI Publishing eBooks
- Publisher
- CABI Publishing
- Published
- 2006-01
- OpenAlex
- W2105359069
- Cited by
- 184
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2025: 7 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 20
- FWCI
- 9.70
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- CABI Publishing eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Parasitology › Parasitic infections in humans and animals
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Parasitology › Parasites and Host Interactions
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Parasitology › Helminth infection and control
- Keywords
- Toxocara, toxocariasis, parasitic helminths, molecular biology, animal models, human disease, immunology, epidemiology, veterinary parasitology, economic impact, public health
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