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Cited by 221Helminth infection and controlParasitic infections in humans and animalsParasites and Host Interactions

Pet roundworms and hookworms: A continuing need for global worming

Open access
Traversa, Donato·2012·Parasites & Vectors
DOI 10.1186/1756-3305-5-91PMC PMC3418564
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Abstract

Ascarids and ancylostomatids are the most important parasites affecting dogs and cats worldwide, in terms of diffusion and risk for animal and human health. Different misconceptions have led the general public and pet owners to minimize the importance of these intestinal worms. A low grade of interest is also registered among veterinary professions, although there is a significant merit in keeping our guard up against these parasites. This article reviews current knowledge of ascarids and ancylostomatids, with a special focus on pathogenicity, epidemiology and control methods in veterinary and human medicine.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

Ascarids and ancylostomatids remain the most important intestinal parasites of dogs and cats worldwide, with ongoing zoonotic risk and a need for lifelong control. This narrative review synthesizes their biology, epidemiology, pathogenicity, treatment, and public-education challenges.

Key findings

  • Soil-transmitted helminthoses affect more than 2 billion people worldwide; *Toxocara canis* and *Toxocara cati* are the major ascarids of dogs and cats, while common hookworms include *Ancylostoma caninum*, *A. tubaeforme*, *A. braziliense*, *A. ceylanicum*, and *Uncinaria stenocephala*.
  • Vertical transmission is central: *T. canis* infects pups in utero by the second month of gestation, with egg shedding about 2 weeks after birth, and lactogenic transmission can continue for at least 38 days; *A. caninum* larvae are reactivated in the last 2–3 weeks of pregnancy and passed via milk for at least 3 weeks, with a bitch infectious for three consecutive litters.
  • Prepatent periods reported: *T. canis* minimum 4–5 weeks after embryonated eggs or resting larvae and 2–3 weeks for prenatal infections; *T. cati* about 7–8 weeks; *T. leonina* about 10–11 weeks; *A. caninum*, *A. tubaeforme*, and *U. stenocephala* about 2–3 weeks.
  • Treatment efficacy examples: febantel/pyrantel/praziquantel has ~99.9% efficacy against canine *T. canis* and hookworms; emodepside/praziquantel spot-on has up to 100% efficacy against *T. cati* or *T. leonina*; emodepside/toltrazuril oral suspension has ≥94.7–99.3% efficacy against immature *T. canis* and 100% against adults, and ≥99.5–100% against adult *A. caninum* and *U. stenocephala*. A Swiss study found a yearly incidence of 32% *T. canis* infection in dogs receiving four anthelmintic treatments per year.

Methods

  • Narrative review of current knowledge on ascarids and ancylostomatids affecting dogs and cats, focusing on pathogenicity, epidemiology, and control in veterinary and human medicine.
  • No systematic search strategy, inclusion criteria, or primary data collection are reported; the article synthesizes selected literature and cites prior studies.
  • *Trichuris vulpis* is explicitly excluded because it was recently described elsewhere.

Limitations

  • The paper states evidence gaps: the role of each animal hookworm in causing human disease remains to be elucidated; the real proportion of pets’ fur contaminated by infectious *Toxocara* eggs and whether this is a real threat remains to be elucidated; and evidence of drug resistance in small animal parasites is very limited, with only pyrantel resistance in *A. caninum*.
  • Evident from the text: this is a single-author narrative review without a systematic search, formal quality appraisal, or meta-analysis, so conclusions may reflect selected literature.
  • Evident from the text: many treatment efficacy figures come from cited experimental and field studies with varied designs, infection sources, and outcome measures, and are not quantitatively pooled.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1186/1756-3305-5-91

Cites

212 of 212 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 229 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Premisecitation

    The increase of wild fox populations in sub-urban and urban areas is a driving force favouring the spread of canine ascarids.

    “This is of particular importance also because some driving forces are nowadays favouring their spread, e.g. the increase of wild fox populations in sub-urban and urban areas.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [8] Antolová D, Reiterová K, Miterpáková M, Stanko M, Dubinský P: Circulation of Toxocara spp. in suburban and rural ecosystems in the Slovak Republic. Vet Parasitol. 2004, 126: 317-324. 10.1016/j.vetpar.2004.08.005. source

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  • Premisecitation

    When mobilized larvae are transmitted via the lactogenic route, litters can also be infected by colostrum and milk for at least 38 days after delivery.

    “When mobilized larvae are transmitted via the lactogenic route litters can also be infected by colostrum and milk for at least 38 days after delivery [12,13].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [12] Zimmermann U, Löwenstein MD, Stoye M: Migration and distribution of Toxocara canis Werner 1782 (Anisakidae) larvae in the definitive host (beagle) following primary infection and reinfection. Zentralbl Veterinarmed B. 1985, 32: 1-28. (in German source

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    • cites [13] Epe C: Intestinal nematodes: biology and control. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2009, 39: 1091-1107. 10.1016/j.cvsm.2009.07.002. vi-vii source

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  • Premisecitation

    Bitches can be re-infected also by ingesting immature ascarids defecated by their suckling offspring.

    “Bitches can be re-infected also by ingesting immature ascarids defecated by their suckling offspring.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [13] Epe C: Intestinal nematodes: biology and control. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2009, 39: 1091-1107. 10.1016/j.cvsm.2009.07.002. vi-vii source

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  • Premisecitation

    Different species of ascarids and ancylostomatids may affect the small intestine of dogs and cats.

    “Different species of ascarids (commonly known as “roundworms”) and ancylostomatids (commonly known as “hookworms”) may affect the small intestine of dogs and cats [7].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [7] Anderson RC: Nematode Parasites of Vertebrates. Their development and transmission. 2000, Guilford: CABI, 2

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  • Premisecitation

    Global climate change is influencing the ecology of helminths with multiple hosts and different transmission routes.

    “Indeed, global climate change is influencing the ecology of helminths with multiple hosts and different transmission routes.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [2] Otranto D, Traversa D: Thelazia eyeworm: an original endo- and ecto-parasitic nematode. Trends Parasitol. 2005, 21: 1-4. 10.1016/j.pt.2004.10.008. source

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    • cites [3] Traversa D, Di Cesare A, Conboy G: Canine and feline cardiopulmonary parasitic nematodes in Europe: emerging and underestimated. Parasit Vectors. 2010, 3: 62-10.1186/1756-3305-3-62. source

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    • cites [4] Otranto D, Eberhard ML: Zoonotic helminths affecting the human eye. Parasit Vectors. 2011, 4: 41-10.1186/1756-3305-4-41. source

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    • cites [5] Jefferies R, Shaw SE, Willesen J, Viney ME, Morgan ER: Elucidating the spread of the emerging canid nematode Angiostrongylus vasorum between Palaearctic and Nearctic ecozones. Infect Genet Evol. 2010, 10: 561-568. 10.1016/j.meegid.2010.01.013. source

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  • May combine two claims. 36
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    Interpretationcitation

    Lactation may either cause or reinforce a patent infection in bitches, which provides another source of environmental contamination and infection for puppies.

    “Therefore, lactation may either cause or reinforce a patent infection in bitches, which provides another source of environmental contamination and infection for puppies [13].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [13] Epe C: Intestinal nematodes: biology and control. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2009, 39: 1091-1107. 10.1016/j.cvsm.2009.07.002. vi-vii source

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    Premisecitation

    Pups become infected in utero by the second month of gestation, which results in egg shedding after a minimum period of about two weeks after birth.

    “Pups become infected in utero by the second month of gestation, which result in egg shedding after a minimum period of about two weeks after birth [10,11].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [10] Lloyd S, Amersinghe PH, Soulsby EJL: Periparturient immunosuppression in the bitch and its influence on infection with Toxocara canis. J Small Anim Pract. 1983, 24: 237-247. 10.1111/j.1748-5827.1983.tb00437.x. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [11] Lloyd S: Toxocara canis: the dog. In Toxocara and Toxocariasis Clinical, Epidemiological and Molecular Perspectives. Edited by: Lewis JW, Maizels RM. 1993, London: British Society for Parasitology. Institute of Biology, 11-24.

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The use of broad spectrum anthelmintics sold over-the-counter in many formulations carries the risk of leading the general public to minimize the importance of common intestinal worms and to erode the veterinarian's role in controlling parasites of veterinary and human impact.

    “Indeed, the use of broad spectrum drugs, which are sold (often over-the-counter) in a plethora of formulations, carries the risk that leads the general public to minimize the importance of the “common intestinal worms” and to erode the importance of the veterinarian in controlling parasites”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The prepatency period for T. leonina is about 10-11 weeks.

    “Prepatency period is about 10–11 weeks [20,21].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [20] Taylor MA, Coop RL, Wall RL: Veterinary Parasitology. 2007, Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing, 3r

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    • cites [21] Sprent JF: Observations on the development of Toxocara canis (Werner, 1782) in the dog. Parasitology. 1958, 48: 184-209. 10.1017/S0031182000021168. source

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  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Resting stages of A. caninum survive for years and are reactivated during oestrus and in the last 2-3 weeks of pregnancy, when they are passed via the milk to the litter for at least 3 weeks after delivery.

    “These resting stages survive for years and are, in turn, reactivated during oestrus and in the last 2–3 weeks of pregnancy, when they are passed via the milk to the litter for at least 3 weeks after delivery [26,28-30].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [26] Bowman DD, Montgomery SP, Zajac AM, Eberhard ML, Kazacos KR: Hookworms of dogs and cats as agents of cutaneous larva migrans. Trends Parasitol. 2010, 26: 162-167. 10.1016/j.pt.2010.01.005. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [28] Stoye M: Galactogenic and prenatal Toxocara canis infections in dogs (Beagle). Dtsch Tierarztl Woch. 1976, 83: 107-108. in German

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [29] Stoye M: Biology, pathogenicity, diagnosis and control of Ancylostoma caninum. Dtsch Tierarztl Woch. 1992, 99: 315-321. in German

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    • cites [30] Bosse M, Manhardt J, Stoye M: Epidemiology and Control of neonatal Helminth Infections of the dog. Fortschr Vet Med. 1980, 30: 247-256. in German

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  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Among the most common hookworms, Ancylostoma caninum and Ancylostoma tubaeforme are species-specific for dogs and cats respectively, while Ancylostoma braziliense, Ancylostoma ceylanicum and Uncinaria stenocephala affect both species.

    “Among the most common hookworms, Ancylostoma caninum and Ancylostoma tubaeforme are species-specific for dogs and cats respectively, while Ancylostoma brazilienseAncylostoma ceylanicum and Uncinaria stenocephala affect both species [7,17,22].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [7] Anderson RC: Nematode Parasites of Vertebrates. Their development and transmission. 2000, Guilford: CABI, 2

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    • cites [17] Bowman DD, Hendrix CM, Lindsay DS, Barr SC: Feline Clinical Parasitology. 2002, Iowa State University: Blackwell Science Company source

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    • cites [22] Prociv P: Zoonotic hookworm infections (Ancylostomosis). In Zoonoses. Edited by: Palmer SR, Soulsby EJL, Simpson DIH. 1998, Oxford, UK: Oxford Medical Publications, 1

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  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Dogs and cats of all ages can also acquire Toxocara infection by ingesting Toxocara embryonated eggs from the environment and eating paratenic hosts harboring tissutal larvae.

    “Dogs and cats of all ages can also acquire the infection by ingesting Toxocara embryonated eggs from the environment and eating paratenic hosts (e.g. invertebrates, ruminants, rodents, birds) harboring tissutal larvae [13,16-18].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [13] Epe C: Intestinal nematodes: biology and control. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2009, 39: 1091-1107. 10.1016/j.cvsm.2009.07.002. vi-vii source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [16] Bowman DD: Georgi's Parasitology for Veterinarians. 2009, Philadelphia, USA: Saunders Company, 9

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [17] Bowman DD, Hendrix CM, Lindsay DS, Barr SC: Feline Clinical Parasitology. 2002, Iowa State University: Blackwell Science Company source

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    • cites [18] Lee CY, Schantz PM, Kazacos KR, Montgomery SP, Bowman DD: Epidemiologic and zoonotic aspects of ascarid infections in dogs and cats. Trends Parasitol. 2010, 26: 155-161. 10.1016/j.pt.2010.01.002. source

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    T. leonina infection does not occur in animals aged less than about 2 months.

    “but the infection does not occur in animals aged less than about 2 months.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [20] Taylor MA, Coop RL, Wall RL: Veterinary Parasitology. 2007, Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing, 3r

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    • cites [21] Sprent JF: Observations on the development of Toxocara canis (Werner, 1782) in the dog. Parasitology. 1958, 48: 184-209. 10.1017/S0031182000021168. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The prepatent period for toxocarosis by T. canis is at minimum 4-5 weeks after ingestion of embryonated eggs or resting larvae, and 2-3 weeks for prenatal infections.

    “The prepatent period for toxocarosis by T. canis is at minimum 4–5 weeks after ingestion of embryonated eggs or resting larvae, and 2–3 weeks for prenatal infections”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [13] Epe C: Intestinal nematodes: biology and control. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2009, 39: 1091-1107. 10.1016/j.cvsm.2009.07.002. vi-vii source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [19] Parsons JC: Ascarid infections of cats and dogs. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 1987, 17: 1307-1339. source

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    • cites [20] Taylor MA, Coop RL, Wall RL: Veterinary Parasitology. 2007, Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing, 3r

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The most important infectious stage of hookworms is represented by filariform larvae present in the soil, which infect a suitable host by actively penetrating the skin (especially for Ancylostoma spp.) and/or via the oral route (i.e. Ancylostoma spp., Uncinaria spp.).

    “The most important infectious stage is represented by filariform larvae present in the soil, which infect a suitable host by actively penetrating the skin (especially for Ancylostoma spp.) and/or via the oral route (i.e. Ancylostoma spp., Uncinaria spp.) [7,13,22,27].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [7] Anderson RC: Nematode Parasites of Vertebrates. Their development and transmission. 2000, Guilford: CABI, 2

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    • cites [13] Epe C: Intestinal nematodes: biology and control. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2009, 39: 1091-1107. 10.1016/j.cvsm.2009.07.002. vi-vii source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [22] Prociv P: Zoonotic hookworm infections (Ancylostomosis). In Zoonoses. Edited by: Palmer SR, Soulsby EJL, Simpson DIH. 1998, Oxford, UK: Oxford Medical Publications, 1

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    • cites [27] Bowman DD: Georgi's Parasitology for Veterinarians. 2002, Saunders Company, 7

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Toxascaris leonina affects both dogs and cats.

    “A third roundworm, Toxascaris leonina, affects both dogs and cats.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [13] Epe C: Intestinal nematodes: biology and control. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2009, 39: 1091-1107. 10.1016/j.cvsm.2009.07.002. vi-vii source

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  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    A. caninum, A. tubaeforme and U. stenocephala are spread especially in warm countries (Ancylostoma spp.) and in colder areas of temperate and subarctic regions (U. stenocephala) in both hemispheres; the remaining hookworms are most often present in sub-tropical and tropical countries.

    “In general A. caninumA. tubaeforme and U. stenocephala are spread especially in warm countries (Ancylostoma spp.) and in colder areas of temperate and subarctic regions (U. stenocephala) in both hemispheres; the remaining hookworms are most often present in sub-tropical and tropical countries [20,23-26].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 5 sources checked
    • cites [20] Taylor MA, Coop RL, Wall RL: Veterinary Parasitology. 2007, Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing, 3r

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    • cites [23] Manning L, Chambers S, Paltridge G, Maurice P: Cutaneous larva migrans (hookworm) acquired in Christchurch. New Zealand. N Z Med J. 2006, 119: 1910-1913.

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    • cites [24] Palmer CS, Traub RJ, Robertson ID, Hobbs RP, Elliot A, While L, Rees R, Thompson RC: The veterinary and public health significance of hookworm in dogs and cats in Australia and the status of A. ceylanicum. Vet Parasitol. 2007, 145: 304-313. 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.12.018. source

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    • cites [25] Traub RJ, Hobbs RP, Adams PJ, Behnke JM, Harris PD, Thompson RC: A case of mistaken identity reappraisal of the species of canid and felid hookworms (Ancylostoma) present in Australia and India. Parasitology. 2007, 134: 113-119. 10.1017/S0031182006001211. source

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    • cites [26] Bowman DD, Montgomery SP, Zajac AM, Eberhard ML, Kazacos KR: Hookworms of dogs and cats as agents of cutaneous larva migrans. Trends Parasitol. 2010, 26: 162-167. 10.1016/j.pt.2010.01.005. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    T. leonina is, in general, less diffuse than Toxocara spp., especially because transmissions via the placenta and mammary glands do not occur.

    “This species is, in general, less diffuse than Toxocara spp., especially because transmissions via the placenta and mammary glands do not occur.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [13] Epe C: Intestinal nematodes: biology and control. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2009, 39: 1091-1107. 10.1016/j.cvsm.2009.07.002. vi-vii source

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Kittens start to shed T. cati eggs after about 7-8 weeks post infection.

    “while kittens start to shed T. cati eggs after about 7–8 weeks post infection [13,19,20].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [13] Epe C: Intestinal nematodes: biology and control. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2009, 39: 1091-1107. 10.1016/j.cvsm.2009.07.002. vi-vii source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [19] Parsons JC: Ascarid infections of cats and dogs. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 1987, 17: 1307-1339. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [20] Taylor MA, Coop RL, Wall RL: Veterinary Parasitology. 2007, Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing, 3r

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Pets are exposed to roundworm and hookworm infections throughout the year and for all their life.

    “The real truth is that pets are exposed to roundworm and hookworm infections throughout the year and for all their life.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    A bitch harbouring somatic larvae is infectious for three consecutive litters, although the larval output is reduced in each lactation.

    “A bitch harbouring somatic larvae is infectious for three consecutive litters, although the larval output is reduced in each lactation [30-34].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 5 sources checked
    • cites [30] Bosse M, Manhardt J, Stoye M: Epidemiology and Control of neonatal Helminth Infections of the dog. Fortschr Vet Med. 1980, 30: 247-256. in German

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    • cites [31] Stoye M: Ascarid and Ancylostomatid infections of the dog. Tieraerztl Prax. 1983, 11: 229-243. in German

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    • cites [32] Stoye M: Ascarid and hookworm infections in the dog biology, epizootology and control. Berl Muench Tieraerzt Wschr. 1979, 92: 464-472. in German

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    • cites [33] Clapham PA: Canine hookworm disease. J Small Anim Pract. 1962, 3: 133-136. 10.1111/j.1748-5827.1962.tb04169.x. source

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    • cites [34] Stoye M: Studies on the possibility of prenatal and galactogenic infections with Ancylostoma caninum Ercolani 1859 (Ancylostomidae) in the dog. Zbl Vet Med B. 1973, 20: 1-39. in German source

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  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Puppies and kittens can be infected by their dam by transmammary and/or transplacental route/s, which is a powerful host-finding strategy.

    “First of all, the possibility of puppies and kittens being infected by their dam by transmammary and/or transplacental route/s is a powerful host-finding strategy.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The prepatent period for A. caninum, A. tubaeforme and U. stenocephala is about 2-3 weeks.

    “Prepatent period for A. caninumA. tubaeforme and U. stenocephala is about 2–3 weeks [7,17,20].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [7] Anderson RC: Nematode Parasites of Vertebrates. Their development and transmission. 2000, Guilford: CABI, 2

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    • cites [17] Bowman DD, Hendrix CM, Lindsay DS, Barr SC: Feline Clinical Parasitology. 2002, Iowa State University: Blackwell Science Company source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [20] Taylor MA, Coop RL, Wall RL: Veterinary Parasitology. 2007, Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing, 3r

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In utero and lactogenic infections do not occur for A. tubaeforme, even though literature is scarce and the extent of milk transmission is stated to be not well known.

    “In utero and lactogenic infections do not occur for A. tubaeforme, even though literature is scarce and the extent of milk transmission is stated to be not well known [7,17,27].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [7] Anderson RC: Nematode Parasites of Vertebrates. Their development and transmission. 2000, Guilford: CABI, 2

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    • cites [17] Bowman DD, Hendrix CM, Lindsay DS, Barr SC: Feline Clinical Parasitology. 2002, Iowa State University: Blackwell Science Company source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [27] Bowman DD: Georgi's Parasitology for Veterinarians. 2002, Saunders Company, 7

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Ascarid eggs can survive for years in extreme environmental conditions, thus are available for ingestion at any time.

    “Ascarid eggs can survive for years in extreme environmental conditions, thus are available for ingestion at any time.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    If in utero infection occurs at all, it is obfuscated by the lactogenic route and, in any case, prenatal transmission by A. caninum does not occur in all puppies from a litter.

    “Indeed, if in utero infection occurs at all, it is obfuscated by the lactogenic route and, in any case, prenatal transmission by A. caninum does not occur in all puppies from a litter [7,27,37-39].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 5 sources checked
    • cites [7] Anderson RC: Nematode Parasites of Vertebrates. Their development and transmission. 2000, Guilford: CABI, 2

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    • cites [27] Bowman DD: Georgi's Parasitology for Veterinarians. 2002, Saunders Company, 7

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    • cites [37] Enigk K, Stoye M: Studies of the pathway of infection of Ancylostoma caninum. Med Klin. 1968, 63: 1012-1017. in German

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    • cites [38] Soulsby EJL: Helminths, Arthropods and Protozoa of Domesticated Animals. 1982, London, UK: Bailliere Tindall, 7

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    • cites [39] Miller TA: Vaccination against the canine hookworm diseases. Adv Parasitol. 1971, 9: 153-183. source

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  • May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Pups have daily thousands epg counts for T. canis and animals often shed millions of hookworm eggs for weeks, thus causing a high environmental contamination.

    “Also, pups have daily thousands epg counts for T. canis and animals often shed millions of hookworm eggs for weeks, thus causing a high environmental contamination.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The need for frequent parasiticide administration in pups is due to continued exposition to re-infections via milk and the environment, and to the fact that they may already harbor migrating larvae after birth.

    “The need for a frequent parasiticide administration in pups is due to the continued exposition to re-infections, via the milk and the environment, and to the fact that they may already harbor migrating larvae after birth.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Lactogenic transmission lasts at least 5 weeks post partum.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Prolonged daily administration of fenbendazole is expensive and can suffer from lack of compliance by the owner.

    “Prolonged daily administration of fenbendazole can reduce prenatal infection but such regimen is expensive and can suffer from lack of compliance by the owner [13,176].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [13] Epe C: Intestinal nematodes: biology and control. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2009, 39: 1091-1107. 10.1016/j.cvsm.2009.07.002. vi-vii source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [176] Barriga OO: A critical look at the importance, prevalence and control of toxocariasis and the possibilities of immunological control. Vet Parasitol. 1988, 29: 195-234. 10.1016/0304-4017(88)90126-4. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Patent ascaridosis may be detected in animals older than 3 years or more, and may also establish when infection occurs with a few larvated ova.

    “Patent ascaridosis may be detected in animals older than 3 years or more, and may also establish when infection occurs with a few larvated ova [11,46,54-56].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 5 sources checked
    • cites [11] Lloyd S: Toxocara canis: the dog. In Toxocara and Toxocariasis Clinical, Epidemiological and Molecular Perspectives. Edited by: Lewis JW, Maizels RM. 1993, London: British Society for Parasitology. Institute of Biology, 11-24.

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [46] Fahrion AS, Staebler S, Deplazes P: Patent Toxocara canis infections in previously exposed and in helminth-free dogs after infection with low numbers of embryonated eggs. Vet Parasitol. 2008, 152: 108-115. 10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.11.022. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [54] Blagburn BL, Lindsay DS, Vaughan JL, Rippey NS, Wright JC, Lynn RC, Kelch WJ, Ritchie GC, Hepler DI: Prevalence of canine parasites based on fecal flotation. Comp Cont Ed. 1996, 18: 483-509.

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [55] Barutzki D, Schaper R: Endoparasites in dogs and cats in Germany 1999–2002. Parasitol Res. 2003, 90 (Suppl 3): S148-150. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [56] Roddie G, Stafford P, Holland C, Wolfe A: Contamination of dog hair with eggs of Toxocara canis. Vet Parasitol. 2008, 152: 85-93. 10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.12.008. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation

    Despite the absence of label claims, less-frequent administration of ML could lead to increased compliance of the owners.

    “Despite the absence of label claims, such an approach could lead to increased compliance of the owners [13].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [13] Epe C: Intestinal nematodes: biology and control. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2009, 39: 1091-1107. 10.1016/j.cvsm.2009.07.002. vi-vii source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Adult cats that go outside are more susceptible to infection by A. tubaeforme because they can eat contaminated grass or larvae while grooming, or because larvae can penetrate their skin when outdoors.

    “These cats are also more susceptible to infection by A. tubaeforme, because they can eat contaminated grass or larvae while grooming, or because larvae can penetrate their skin when they are outdoors.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The vast majority of dogs aged less than 6 weeks are infected by intestinal roundworms, although they may score negative at the copromicroscopic examination.

    “the vast majority of dogs aged less that 6 weeks are infected by intestinal roundworms, although they may score negative at the copromicroscopic examination [6,191]”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [6] Robertson ID, Thompson RC: Enteric parasitic zoonoses of domesticated dogs and cats. Microbes Infect. 2002, 4: 867-873. 10.1016/S1286-4579(02)01607-6. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [191] Holland CV, O'Lorcain P, Taylor MR, Kelly A: Sero-epidemiology of toxocariasis in school children. Parasitology. 1995, 110 (5): 535-545. 10.1017/S0031182000065252. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The monthly treatment approach appears to have several benefits, especially when performed with a macrolactone, which can accomplish the suppression of most important parasitic nematodes affecting pets.

    “the monthly treatment approach appears to have several benefits, especially when performed with a macrolactone, which can accomplish the suppression of most important parasitic nematodes affecting pets [179]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [179] Deplazes P: Helminthosen von Hund und Katze. In Veterinarmedizinische Parasitologie. Edited by: Schnyder T. 2006, Stuttgart: Parey, 444-518.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    A minimum number of 4 administrations per year or treatments at intervals of 4-6 weeks can be effective in preventing most patent infections.

    “A minimum number of 4 administrations per year or treatments at intervals of 4–6 weeks can be effective in preventing most patent infections”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [13] Epe C: Intestinal nematodes: biology and control. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2009, 39: 1091-1107. 10.1016/j.cvsm.2009.07.002. vi-vii source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [178] Coati N, Hellmann K, Mencke N, Epe C: Recent investigation on the prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodes in cats from France and Germany. Parasitol Res. 2003, 90: 146-147. 10.1007/s00436-003-0921-7. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Pets are usually treated individually, thus most roundworms and hookworms in a given area escape from the treatment and remain in the refugium.

    “Pets are usually treated individually, thus most roundworms and hookworms in a given area escape from the treatment and remain in the refugium[13]”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [13] Epe C: Intestinal nematodes: biology and control. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2009, 39: 1091-1107. 10.1016/j.cvsm.2009.07.002. vi-vii source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Pet ownership minimizes depression and standard hygiene measures reduce at minimum the risk of acquiring zoonotic infections in immunocompromised individuals.

    “it has been demonstrated that pet ownership minimizes depression and that standard hygiene measures reduce at minimum the risk of acquiring zoonotic infections in this particular category [215,216]”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [215] Angulo FJ, Glaser CA, Juranek DD, Lappin MR, Regnery RL: Caring for pets of immunocompromised persons. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1994, 205: 1711-1718. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [216] Wong SK, Feinstein LH, Heidmann P: Healthy pets, healthy people. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1999, 215: 335-338. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Autochthonous reports of CLM have been reported from countries where the tropical A. braziliense is absent, thus these cases are considered 'unexpected'.

    “autochthonous reports of CLM have been reported from countries where the tropical A. braziliense is absent, thus these cases are considered “unexpected” [26].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [26] Bowman DD, Montgomery SP, Zajac AM, Eberhard ML, Kazacos KR: Hookworms of dogs and cats as agents of cutaneous larva migrans. Trends Parasitol. 2010, 26: 162-167. 10.1016/j.pt.2010.01.005. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Direct contact with infected pets presents no relevant risk in the transmission of intestinal nematodes and there is no association between pet ownership and infection occurrence.

    “direct contact with infected pets presents no relevant risk in the transmission of intestinal nematodes and there is no association between pet ownership and infection occurrence [78,79]”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [78] Overgaauw PAM: Aspects of Toxocara epidemiology: toxocarosis in dogs and cats. Crit Rev Microbiol. 1997, 23: 233-251. 10.3109/10408419709115138. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [79] Overgaauw PAM: Aspects of Toxocara epidemiology: human toxocarosis. Crit Rev Microbiol. 1997, 23: 215-231. 10.3109/10408419709115137. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    The high presence of zoonotic species in owned dogs of the studied region, along with the lack of information known by owners, endorses that the risk of zoonotic infection by canine intestinal nematodes may be indeed high.

    “Therefore, the high presence of zoonotic species in owned dogs of the studied region, along with the lack of information known by owners, endorse that the risk of zoonotic infection by canine intestinal nematodes may be indeed high [59].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [59] Katagiri S, Oliveira-Sequeira TC: Prevalence of dog intestinal parasites and risk perception of zoonotic infection by dog owners in Sao Paulo State, Brazil. Zoonoses Public Health. 2008, 55: 406-413. 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2008.01163.x. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Owning companion animals is vital for the majority of families, especially when children and the elderly are present.

    “owning companion animals is vital for the majority of families, especially when children and the elderly are present [212,214]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [212] Beck AM, Meyers NM: Health enhancement and companion animal ownership. Annu Rev Public Health. 1996, 17: 247-257. 10.1146/annurev.pu.17.050196.001335. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [214] Robertson ID, Irwin PJ, Lymbery AJ, Thompson RCA: The role of companion animals in the emergence of parasitic zoonoses. Int J Parasitol. 2000, 30: 1369-1377. 10.1016/S0020-7519(00)00134-X. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Coprophagy is relatively common in dogs, thus the presence of eggs in stool samples after treatment could often be due not to failure of treatments but rather to ingestion of their own defecation or other animals' faeces.

    “coprophagy is relatively common in dogs, thus the presence of eggs in stool samples after treatment could often be due not to failure of treatments but rather to ingestion of their own defecation or other animals’ faeces [84]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [84] Nagy A, Ziadinov I, Schweiger A, Schnyder M, Deplazes P: Hair coat contamination with zoonotic helminth eggs of farm and pet dogs and foxes. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr. 2011, 124: 503-511. in German

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Those who own a pet have been shown to display reduction in blood pressure and cholesterol levels, require less medical care, and have improvement of life quality and quick recovery after heartbreaking events.

    “those who own a pet have been shown to display reduction in blood pressure and cholesterol levels, require less medical care, and it has also been reported that there is an improvement of life quality and quick recovery after heartbreaking events [209-213]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 5 sources checked
    • cites [209] Headey B, Krause P: Health benefits and potential budgets savings due to pets, Australian and German results. A Aust Social Mon. 1999, 2: 4-6.

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [210] Wilson CC: The pet as an anxiolytic intervention. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1991, 179: 482-489. 10.1097/00005053-199108000-00006. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [211] Friedmann E, Thomas SA: Pet ownership, social support, and one-year survival after acute myocardial infarction in the Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial (CAST). Am J Cardiol. 1995, 76: 1213-1217. 10.1016/S0002-9149(99)80343-9. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [212] Beck AM, Meyers NM: Health enhancement and companion animal ownership. Annu Rev Public Health. 1996, 17: 247-257. 10.1146/annurev.pu.17.050196.001335. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [213] Paul M, King L, Carlin EP: Zoonoses of people and their pets: a US perspective on significant pet-associated parasitic diseases. Trends Parasitol. 2010, 26: 153-154. 10.1016/j.pt.2010.01.008. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Public parks may be highly contaminated by eggs of T. canis, while sand-boxes and sand-pits by those of T. cati.

    “Public parks may be highly contaminated by eggs of T. canis, while sand-boxes and sand-pits by those of T. cati[18,88,90,207,208].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 5 sources checked
    • cites [18] Lee CY, Schantz PM, Kazacos KR, Montgomery SP, Bowman DD: Epidemiologic and zoonotic aspects of ascarid infections in dogs and cats. Trends Parasitol. 2010, 26: 155-161. 10.1016/j.pt.2010.01.002. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [88] Despommier D: Toxocariasis: clinical aspects, epidemiology, medical ecology, and molecular aspects. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2003, 16: 265-272. 10.1128/CMR.16.2.265-272.2003. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [90] Holland CV, Smith HV: Toxocara: The Enigmatic Parasite. 2006, Oxfordshire, UK: CABI Publishing source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [207] Tharaldsen J: Parasitic organisms from dogs and cats in sandpits from nursery schools in Oslo. Norsk Veterinaertidsskrift. 1982, 94: 251-254.

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [208] Jansen J, Van Knapen F: Toxocara eggs in public parks and sandboxes in Utrecht. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd. 1993, 118: 611-614.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In Canada less than half of practitioners working in small animal practices declared that they talked with pet-owners about the zoonotic risk of pet endoparasites, while the remaining did so only under particular circumstances or did not at all.

    “In Canada less than the half of practitioners working in small animal practices declared that they talked with pet-owners about the zoonotic risk of pet endoparasites, while the remaining did so only under particular circumstances or did not at all [206].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [206] Stull JW, Carr AP, Chomel BB, Berghaus RD, Hird DW: Small animal deworming protocols, client education, and veterinarian perception of zoonotic parasites in western Canada. Can Vet J. 2007, 48: 269-276.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Parasitic zoonoses are too often neglected or underappreciated, and may be mismanaged or underdiagnosed by both veterinarians and physicians.

    “parasitic zoonoses are too often neglected or underappreciated, and may be mismanaged or underdiagnosed by both veterinarians and physicians [213]”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [213] Paul M, King L, Carlin EP: Zoonoses of people and their pets: a US perspective on significant pet-associated parasitic diseases. Trends Parasitol. 2010, 26: 153-154. 10.1016/j.pt.2010.01.008. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Present climate changes and global warming supports the need for continuous global worming, given that faster egg embryonation and increased over-wintering of infectious elements in the environment will likely increase the spread of helminths affecting companion animals and humans in several areas of the World.

    “the present climate changes and global warming supports the need for a continuous global worming, given that faster egg embryonation and increased over-wintering of infectious elements in the environment will likely increase the spread of helminths affecting companion animals and humans in several areas of the World, as recently hypothesized for sub-Arctic and Arctic regions [221].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [221] Jenkins EJ, Schurer JM, Gesy KM: Old problems on a new playing field: Helminth zoonoses transmitted among dogs, wildlife, and people in a changing northern climate. Vet Parasitol. 2011, 182: 54-69. 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.07.015. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Roundworms and hookworms remain today the most diffused nematodes affecting pets around the world and they still cause zoonotic infections in humans.

    “roundworms and hookworms remain today the most diffused nematodes affecting pets around the world and they still cause zoonotic infections in humans.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
43 of 43

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Different misconceptions have led the general public and pet owners to minimize the importance of intestinal worms of dogs and cats.

    “Different misconceptions have led the general public and pet owners to minimize the importance of these intestinal worms.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    A low grade of interest in these parasites is registered among veterinary professions.

    “A low grade of interest is also registered among veterinary professions, although there is a significant merit in keeping our guard up against these parasites.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati are the two major ascarids globally infecting dogs and cats, respectively.

    “Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati are the two major ascarids globally infecting dogs and cats, respectively.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    There is a long-standing misconception that intestinal worms are only a health problem of puppies and kittens and that adult animals are resistant.

    “There is a long-standing misconception on the age categories of dogs and cats, which can be infected. In fact, it is often thought that “intestinal worms” are only a health problem of puppies and kittens and that adult animals are, instead, resistant.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Virtually 100% of dogs and cats, from the cosseted and beloved pet to the stray animal, have been in contact with ascarids and ancylostomatids or, at least, are at risk of disease.

    “Virtually 100% of dogs and cats, from the cosseted and beloved pet to the stray animal, have been in contact with ascarids and ancylostomatids or, at least, are at risk of disease.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The major sources of infection and contamination for ascarids are puppies from 3 weeks to 6 months of age and nursing bitches.

    “Taking control of ascarids as the key example, the major sources of infection and contamination are puppies from 3 weeks and 6 months of age and nursing bitches.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Lactogenic transmission lasts at least 5 weeks post partum.

    “Given that the lactogenic transmission lasts at least 5 weeks post partum”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    If a parasiticide is not administered within the 4th week of age, female ascarids may reach adulthood and become gravid, thus eggs are shed by the pup when it is as young as about 21 days.

    “If a parasiticide is not administered within the 4th week of age, female ascarids may reach the adulthood and become gravid, thus eggs are shed by the pup when it is as young as about 21 days.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    No transplacental transmission occurs in cats.

    “No transplacental transmission occurs in cats”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Treatment of pregnant and/or lactating animals is facilitated by the availability on the market of molecules which can be administered safely in different time periods or for the whole pregnancy and/or lactation, for instance pyrantel or milbemycin oxime, or other broad spectrum drugs.

    “Treatment of pregnant and/or lactating animals is facilitated by the availability on the market of molecules which can be administered safely in different time periods or for the whole pregnancy and/or lactation, for instance pyrantel or milbemycin oxime, or other broad spectrum drugs.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    In the past decades the abuse of parasiticides has led to the emergence of livestock and horse parasites resistant to one or more anthelmintic classes.

    “In the past decades the abuse of parasiticides has led to the emergence of livestock and horse parasites resistant to one or more anthelmintic classes.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The unnecessary use of anthelmintics has major influence in promoting drug resistance.

    “the unnecessary use of anthelmintics has major influence in promoting drug resistance”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    No practical methods exist to eliminate infective elements of intestinal nematodes of pets (especially for ascarids) present on the ground.

    “No practical methods exist to eliminate infective elements of intestinal nematodes of pets (especially for ascarids) present on the ground”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    A. braziliense is endemic in popular tourist areas.

    “A. braziliense is endemic in popular tourist areas”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Virtually all of the majority of roundworms and hookworms affecting dogs and cats may cause human diseases.

    “Although virtually all of the majority of roundworms and hookworms affecting dogs and cats may cause human diseases, the public risk perception in general is poor.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Copromicroscopic techniques are easy to perform in clinical practices.

    “Copromicroscopic techniques, e.g. floatation methods or commercial kits, are easy to perform in clinical practices.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Diagnosis of ancylostomosis in dogs and cats cannot be achieved at the species level for the overlapping morphological and morphometric features of Ancylostoma spp. eggs.

    “Diagnosis of ancylostomosis in dogs and cats cannot be achieved at the species level for the overlapping morphological and morphometric features of Ancylostoma spp. eggs”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Advances in chemotherapy for AIDS and new possibilities of organ transplants, and the prolonged life expectancy, have increased the number of immunocompromised patients in human communities.

    “advances in chemotherapy for AIDS and new possibilities of organ transplants, and the prolonged life expectancy, have increased the number of immunocompromised patients in human communities.”
18 of 18

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • When milbemycin oxime is associated with lufenuron the combination is effective against immature fleas.

    “When milbemycin oxime is associated with praziquantel the formulation can be used also for tapeworms, and when associated with lufenuron the combination is effective also against immature fleas [5,6].”

    From Fleas infesting pets in the era of emerging extra-intestinal nematodes (2013) · cites this paper as [6]

  • Where risk of heartworm transmission is considered low, pets may be infected with intestinal nematodes throughout the year.

    “This is particularly true where the risk of heartworm transmission is considered low but pets may be infected with intestinal nematodes (e.g. whipworms, hookworms, roundworms) throughout the year [5,6,149].”

    From Fleas infesting pets in the era of emerging extra-intestinal nematodes (2013) · cites this paper as [6]

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 22

  1. Bowman DD: Georgi's Parasitology for Veterinarians. 2009, Philadelphia, USA: Saunders Company, 9
  2. Prociv P: Zoonotic hookworm infections (Ancylostomosis). In Zoonoses. Edited by: Palmer SR, Soulsby EJL, Simpson DIH. 1998, Oxford, UK: Oxford Medical Publications, 1
  3. Bosse M, Manhardt J, Stoye M: Epidemiology and Control of neonatal Helminth Infections of the dog. Fortschr Vet Med. 1980, 30: 247-256. in German
  4. Stoye M: Ascarid and Ancylostomatid infections of the dog. Tieraerztl Prax. 1983, 11: 229-243. in German
  5. Walker MJ, Jacobs DE: Pathophysiology of Uncinaria stenocephala infections of dogs. Vet Annual. 1985, 25: 263-271.
  6. Visco RJ, Corwin RM, Selby LA: Effect of age and sex on the prevalence of intestinal parasitism in cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1978, 1978 (172): 797-800.
  7. Hendrix CM: Helminth infections of the feline small and large intestine: diagnosis and treatment. Vet Med. 1995, 90: 456-476.
  8. Eckert J: Helminthosen von Hund und Katze. In Veterinarmedizinische Parasitologie. Edited by: Rommel M, Eckert J, Kutzer E, Körting W, Schneider T. 2000, Berlin: Verlag Paul Parey, 545-604. 5
  9. Fei ACY, Jeng CR, Lay RY: Toxascaris leonina infection in a kitten. J Chinese Soc Vet Sci. 1986, 12: 61-63.
  10. Puccini V: Soulsby EJL: Guida alle Malattie Parassitarie. 1992, Bologna, Italy: Edagricole
  11. De Carneri I, Castellino S: Incapacità delle larve di Ancylostoma tubaeforme di provocare dermatiti nell’uomo. Rev Parasitol. 1961, 25: 31-24.
  12. Fulleborn F: Durch hakenwurmlarven des hundes (Uncinaria stenocephala) beim meschen erzeugte “creeping eruption”. Abh Gebiet Auslandskunde. 1927, 26: 121-133.
  13. Anonymous : Evaluation of the Effectiveness of a Combination of Imidacloprid and Moxidectin against Natural Infections with Trichuris vulpis in Dogs. Freedom of information summary, Advantage Multi for dogs, NADA 141–251, Federal Drug Administration. 2006, 25-27.
  14. EMEA: Advocate Public Assessment report 2009WC500060915. 2009, 44-45.
  15. Sakamoto T, Seki I, Kikuchi K, Nakahara H, Ogasawara H, Hattori M, Hakura R: Anthelmintic effect of milbemycin D on parasites in dogs. Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture Iwate University. 1984, 17: 69-81.
  16. López J, Abarca K, Paredes P, Inzunza E: Intestinal parasites in dogs and cats with gastrointestinal symptoms in Santiago, Chile. Rev Med Chil. 2006, 134: 193-200.
  17. Blagburn BL: Heartworms and resistance: Truth or fiction?. [ http://www.bayeranimalhealthsymposium.com/blagburn_heartworm.shtml ]. Bayer Animal Health New Developments in Parasitology Symposium, 2011
  18. McCarthy J, Moore TA: Emerging helminth zoonoses. Int J Parasitol. 2000, 30: 1351-1360. 10.1016/S0020-7519(00)00122-3. · DOI · Paper page
  19. Kazacos KR: Unusual fecal parasite in a dog. NAVC Clinician’s Brief. 2006, 4: 37-39.
  20. Stull JW, Carr AP, Chomel BB, Berghaus RD, Hird DW: Small animal deworming protocols, client education, and veterinarian perception of zoonotic parasites in western Canada. Can Vet J. 2007, 48: 269-276.
  21. Tharaldsen J: Parasitic organisms from dogs and cats in sandpits from nursery schools in Oslo. Norsk Veterinaertidsskrift. 1982, 94: 251-254.
  22. Jansen J, Van Knapen F: Toxocara eggs in public parks and sandboxes in Utrecht. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd. 1993, 118: 611-614.

Cited by

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Authors
Traversa, D.
Affiliations
University of Teramo (IT)
Corresponding author
Traversa, Donato
ORCID
Traversa, Donato
Venue
Parasites & Vectors
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2012-05-10
Volume
5
Issue
1
Pages
91-91
ISSN
1756-3305 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1186/1756-3305-5-91
PMC
PMC3418564
OpenAlex
W2135099830
Semantic Scholar
ad89111bef72713b4c6053377832986a30ccf350
Cited by
221
References
212
Citations by year
2026: 13 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 6
FWCI
1.91
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Parasites & Vectors (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • UniTERAMO Research Catalog (University of Teramo) (submittedVersion)
Funders
Institut National Du Cancer
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Helminth infection and control
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Parasitic infections in humans and animals
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Parasitology › Parasites and Host Interactions
Keywords
hookworm, ascarids, dogs, cats, intestinal parasites, zoonotic parasites, anthelmintic treatment, parasite pathogenicity, parasite epidemiology, parasite control
MeSH terms
Animals, Anthelmintics, Helminthiasis, Animal, Humans, Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic, Global Health, Pets

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-10.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-10.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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