Cited by 56Education Methods and PracticesEducation Discipline and InequalityDiverse Education Studies and Reforms

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Alternative Schools for Disruptive Youth

ARNOVE, ROBERT F., STROUT, TOBY·1980·The Educational Forum

DOI 10.1080/00131728009336189

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Causes of Delinquency
Hirschi, T. (2017) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315081649 · Cited by 3,070
Harvard Educational Review
Rice, T. K. (2008) · Encyclopedia of Special Education · doi:10.1002/9780470373699.speced0983 · Cited by 1,642
Delinquent Boys—The Culture of the Gang
Press, E. (1955) · American Journal of Public Health and the Nations Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.45.9.1174-b · Cited by 816
American Journal of Orthopsychiatry
Reynolds, C. R. (2008) · Encyclopedia of Special Education · doi:10.1002/9780470373699.speced0108 · Cited by 694
Delinquent Boys: The Culture of the Gang
Cohen, A. K. (1971) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 675
Crisis in the Classroom
Wegmann, R. G., & Silberman, C. E. (1976) · Teaching Sociology · doi:10.2307/1317196 · Cited by 541
Death at an Early Age
Kozol, J. (1967) · Dominican Scholar (Dominican University of California) · Cited by 306
Rebellion in a High School.
Wheeler, S., & Stinchcombe, A. L. (1967) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2092861 · Cited by 213
The Charter: Conditions of Diffuse Socialization in Schools.
Meyer, J. W. (1969) · Cited by 155
The Vanishing Adolescent.
Elkin, F., & Friedenberg, E. Z. (1960) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2092110 · Cited by 133

Show all 29 references

Research works printed but not linked: 35

Barr Robert, 1973, Phi Delta Kappan, 54, 454
Amove Robert, 1978, Educational Research Quarterly, 2, 74
1975, Changing Schools
Kennedy James, 1976, Child Welfare, 55, 712
Kohl Herbert, 1967, Children
Maynard William, 1978, Phi Delta Kappan, 59, 359
Ibid., pp. 359 – 60
Glasser William, 1978, Phi Delta Kappan, 59, 331
Barker Robert, 1964, Big School, Small School: High School Size and Misbehavior
See, for example, Duke and Perry , “Can Alternative Schools Succeed?,” pp. 13 – 14
Cardinell C., 1969, Relationship of Interaction of Selected Personality Characteristics of School Principal and Custodian with Sociological Variables to School Vandalism
United Charities ,Truancy Program '75(Chicago, II.: Mandel Legal Aid Staff, n.d.), p. 11 ; Dade County Public Schools,Impact and Operational Features of Programs Designed to Modify Disruptive Behavior in the Dade County Public Schools, 1975–76, (Miami, PL: Planning and Evaluation Department, 1976), p. 42; David Thornton Moore, “Through Their Eyes: A Portrait of the Alternative Schools Project” (Syncote, Pa.: East Unit, Alternative Schools Project, 1974), pp. 8–9; Paul Hoover Bowman, “Effects of a Revised School Program on Potential Delinquents,”Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science332(1959):58.
Baker Thomas, 1976, An Investigation of Teachers' and Students' Perceptions of Instructional Practices in Selected Conventional and Alternative Public Schools
Nichols Wanda, 1976, Louisville Courier-Journal Times, 1
Fizzell Robert, 1975, Reschooling Society
H1SD News, 2
Kenneth Osvold , “Options as a Remedy for School Violence,” (Paper prepared for National Institute of Education Conference on Policy Issues in Educational Options, Chicago, Illinois, June 29-July 1, 1976 ), p. 27 .
Edelman Marian, 1975, School Suspensions: Are They Helping?
Bidwell Charles, 1971, Organizations and Clients, 37
McPartland, Research on Crime, 23
Lynne Miller , “Patterns of Decision Making in Public Alternative Schools” ( Amherst , Ma. : University of Massachusetts, National Alternative Schools Program , 1975 ), pp. 43 – 44
Hogan Jane, 1974, The Influence of School Organizational Properties on the Development of Future-Focused Role-Image
Robert D. Barr , “Curriculum in Optional Alternative Schools,” (Paper presented at the National Institute of Education Conference on Policy Issues in Educational Options, Chicago, Illinois, June 29-July 1, 1976 ).
Meyer John, 1970, Social Processes and Social Structures, 564
Ibid., pp. 11 – 12
Rosenbaum James, 1976, Making Inequality
Impact and Operational Features, p.
Ibid., pp. 48 – 55
Cohen, New Learning Environment, 7
1975, Focus
Six Month Report
Bowman , “Revised School Program,” pp. 53 , 61.
Osvold, Options as a Remedy
Arnove Robert, 1978, Alternative Schools for Disruptive Youth
Arnove Robert, 1977, The Evolution, Uses, and Implications of Alternative Education

Rethinking Alternative Education to Break the Cycle of Educational Inequality and Inequity
Kim, J.-H., & Taylor, K. A. (2008) · The Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.3200/joer.101.4.207-219 · Cited by 167
“These stigmas are some of the biggest obstacles for the success of alternative education (Arnove & Strout, 1980; Conrath, 2001; Dryfoos, 1997; Kelly, 1993; Kim, 2006; Mcgee, 2001; Waxman, 1992).”
Background
Alternative Education: A Brief History and Research Synthesis.
Lange, C. M., & Sletten, S. J. (2002) · Cited by 140
Alternative schools serving students with and without disabilities: What are the current issues and challenges?
Lehr, C. A., & Lange, C. M. (2003) · Preventing School Failure: Alternative Education for Children and Youth · doi:10.1080/10459880309604431 · Cited by 88
A Meta-Analytic Assessment of Delinquency-Related Outcomes of Alternative Education Programs
Cox, S. M., Davidson, W. S., & Bynum, T. S. (1995) · Crime & Delinquency · doi:10.1177/0011128795041002004 · Cited by 70
An Assessment of an Alternative Education Program for At-Risk Delinquent Youth
Cox, S. M. (1999) · Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency · doi:10.1177/0022427899036003004 · Cited by 70
Being Seen and Heard: Listening to Young Women in Alternative Schools
Loutzenheiser, L. W. (2002) · Anthropology & Education Quarterly · doi:10.1525/aeq.2002.33.4.441 · Cited by 53
Reconsidering the Alternatives: The Relationship Between Suspension, Disciplinary Alternative School Placement, Subsequent Juvenile Detention, and the Salience of Race
Vanderhaar, J. E., Muñoz, M. A., & Petrosko, J. M. (2015) · Journal of Applied Research on Children Informing Policy for Children at Risk · doi:10.58464/2155-5834.1218 · Cited by 45
“Several decades of research document that exclusionary discipline is consistently disproportionately applied to Black students (Arnove & Strout, 1980; Cox, Davidson & Bynum, 1995; Losen & Gillespie, 2012; Wald & Losen, 2003) and alternative school placement is no exception.”
Background
Suspensions and Expulsions of Male and Black Students
Bennett, C. I., & Harris, J. J. (1982) · Urban Education · doi:10.1177/004208598201600402 · Cited by 35
African American males and participation: Promising inclusion, practicing exclusion
Dunbar, C. (1999) · Theory Into Practice · doi:10.1080/00405849909543860 · Cited by 30
Alternative schools for troublesome secondary students
Gold, M., & Mann, D. W. (1982) · The Urban Review · doi:10.1007/bf02171975 · Cited by 27
History: Our Hope for the Future
Tissington, L. D. (2006) · Preventing School Failure Alternative Education for Children and Youth · doi:10.3200/psfl.51.1.19-25 · Cited by 21
The Importance of Student and Teacher Interactions for Disaffected Middle School Students: A Grounded Theory Study of Community Day Schools
Kennedy, B. L. (2010) · Urban Education · doi:10.1177/0042085910377305 · Cited by 23
“Early studies regarding the implementation and effectiveness of alternative schools nationwide established the importance of positive relationships between school staff and students (Arnove & Strout, 1978; Gold & Mann, 1984; Tobin & Sprague, 1999).”
Background
Teaching Disaffected Middle School Students: How Classroom Dynamics Shape Students’ Experiences
Kennedy, B. L. (2011) · Middle School Journal · doi:10.1080/00940771.2011.11461772 · Cited by 19
“I refer to this population of students as disaffected (Arnove & Strout, 1978).”
Background
What Happens After Students Are Expelled? Understanding Teachers’ Practices in Educating Persistently Disciplined Students at One Alternative Middle School
Kennedy, B. L. (2012) · Teachers College Record The Voice of Scholarship in Education · doi:10.1177/016146811211401207 · Cited by 15
“…a small and caring school community, student autonomy and sense of belonging, a relevant and accessible curriculum, and access to support services (Arnove & Strout, 1978; Aron, 2006; Dugger & Dugger, 1998; Gold & Mann, 1984; Kelly, 1993; Wehlage, Rutter, Smith, Lesko, & Fernandez, 1989).”
Background
“Maybe That Helps Folks Feel Better About What They're Doing”: Examining Contradictions Between Educator Presumptions, Student Experiences, and Outcomes at an Alternative School
Kennedy, B. L., Whitaker, D., & Soutullo, O. R. (2016) · Journal of Education for Students Placed at Risk (JESPAR) · doi:10.1080/10824669.2016.1220308 · Cited by 18
“In the first national study of alternative schools in 11 districts across the United States in the 1970s, Arnove and Strout (1978) concluded that effective alternative schools included warm, interpersonal relationships between students and teachers; promoted students’ academic success through…”
BackgroundInfluential
“I Hope I Make It”: Alternative School Students’ Attendance and the Need for an Expanded Accountability
Ewing, E. L., Davis, B., & Guz, S. (2021) · Urban Education · doi:10.1177/00420859211027618 · Cited by 13
“In the 1980s, the label “alternative school” became associated with “disruptive youth” (Arnove & Strout, 1980).”
Background
Identifying Gifted and Talented Students in an Alternative Learning Center
Osborne, J. K., & Byrnes, D. A. (1990) · Gifted Child Quarterly · doi:10.1177/001698629003400403 · Cited by 6
“Because negative labeling (e.g., dull, disruptive, rebellious) of students outside the regular high school often occurs, gifted and talented students are not typically expected to be among those populations (Arnove & Strout, 1980).”
Background
Chapter 1 Inclusion and Students with Emotional and Behavioral Disorders
Simpson, R. L., & Mundschenk, N. A. (2011) · Advances in special education · doi:10.1108/s0270-4013(2012)0000023004 · Cited by 7
Gifted, Disaffected, Disruptive Youths and the Alternative High School
Osborne, J. K., & Byrnes, D. A. (1990) · Gifted Child Today · doi:10.1177/107621759001300316 · Cited by 4
“GIFTED, DISAFFECTED DISRUPTIVE YOUTHS AND THE ALTERNATIVE HIGH SCHOOL by Janet K. Osborne, and Deborah A. Byrnes lternative schools for dropouts or potential dropouts are often perceived as the type of R schools where “nice people” and “bright students” do not go (Arnove & Strout, 1980).”
Background
Developing an Alternative High School: Dos and Don'ts
Whalen, B. (1985) · NASSP Bulletin · doi:10.1177/019263658506948216 · Cited by 4
Making Youth Matter: Exclusion and its Impact on the School Lives of African-American Students
Hawkins, C. (2014) · Cited by 3
The Effects of School Membership on Academic and Behavioral Performance of At-Risk Students.
Ahn, S.-Y. (2010) · KU ScholarWorks (The University of Kansas) · Cited by 3
Relationships between Risk Factors, Perceptions of School Membership and Academic and Behavioral Engagement of Students Who Attend an Alternative School for Behavioral and Emotional Challenges
Ahn, S.-Y., & Simpson, R. L. (2013) · The Journal of Special Education Apprenticeship · doi:10.58729/2167-3454.1020 · Cited by 2
“…challenges, academic engagement, Individualized Education Plan ) Vol. 2, No. 1 May, 2013 ISSN 2167-3454 Alternative schools have long been regarded as the last resort for students who are at risk of dropping out, due to serious academic and behavior problems (Arnove & Strout, 1980; Aron, 2006).”
Background
Case Studies of Students Transitioning From an Alternative School Back Into High School
Jones, S. I. C. (1999) · VTechWorks (Virginia Tech) · Cited by 2
The Impact of Social Climates: Differences between Conventional and Alternative Schools.
Gregory, T. B., & Smith, G. R. (1982) · Educational Horizons · Cited by 2
Common interests, narrow foundations: the politics of evidence, centralisation, and foundational learning in the Australian Capital Territory
Chapman, B. L., Brehm, W., Bourne, R., & Bowe, E. (2026) · Journal of Education Policy · doi:10.1080/02680939.2026.2676323 · Cited by 2
Alternative School Administrators "At Risk": What Does it Mean for Children?
Dunbar, C. (2002) · Trotter review · Cited by 1
Service Learning Programs with Juvenile Offenders
Dickerson, M. S., Fall, R., & Helm-Stevens, R. (2020) · International Education Studies · doi:10.5539/ies.v13n2p88 · Cited by 1
“Consequently, such schools are being used to teach juvenile offenders (Gottfredson, 1987; Arnove & Strout, 1980).”
Background
Teacher Nonverbal Immediacy: A Study of its Effect on Student Academic Progress and End Of Course Test Performance in a Rural Alternative High School
Singletary, J. R. (2013) · Digital Commons (Liberty University) · Cited by 1
Graduates' Perceptions of a Western Pennsylvania Public High School Alternative Education Program
Knopf, B. J. (2013) · Cited by 1
Educating the Outliers: A Study on the Effectiveness of an Alternative School
Nibbelink, S. K. F. (2011) · KU ScholarWorks (University of Kansas) · Cited by 1
An autoethnographic analysis of school leadership in an alternative education environment
Jones, L. (2012) · Rowan Digitals Works (Rowan University)
Risk factors for high school dropouts: do perceptions of bullying play a role?
Hunt, A. L. (2012) · Rowan Digitals Works (Rowan University)
A STUDY OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF TWO ALTERNATIVE MIDDLE SCHOOLS: HOW PREPARED ARE STUDENTS FOR HIGH SCHOOL SUCCESS?
Kilmer, T. M. (2013) · VCU Scholars Compass (Virginia Commonwealth University) · doi:10.25772/xgnh-0595
“There are several characteristics that are common among alternative programs including, small class size, high teacher-student interactions, flexibility, and an environment that is supportive and conducive to student success (Arnove & Strout, 1980; Tobin & Sprague, 1999; Young, 1990; Barr, 1981).”
Background
Designing Innovative Alternatives to Traditional High Schools: What Leaders Need to Know
Edwards, C. (2000) · doi:10.15760/etd.1036
Research and Alternative Schools
Hamer, I. S., & Ampadu, M. (1982) · Urban Education · doi:10.1177/004208598201700101
A Study of the Relationships between Indicators of Georgia Alternative School Effectiveness and Measures of Student Success as Perceived by Alternative School Administrators.
Obleton, E. V. (2010) · ProQuest LLC eBooks
Postsecondary Educational Transitions for At-Risk Youth: Exploration of the College Transition Support Program
Downey-McCarthy, R. R. (2013) · Scholars' Bank (University of Oregon)
A Cluster-Analytic Approach to Understanding the Life Values of North Carolina Public Alternative School Teachers
Jordan, A. (2013) · Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) · doi:10.17615/xb7y-mg26
The Development, Implementation and Evaluation of an Alternative Approach to Learning for Selected Students
Hartman, L. C. (1980) · Digital Commons - East Tennessee State University (East Tennessee State University)
Perspectives of America's school board members concerning the availability, purposes, and effectiveness of alternative education off-site programs for troubled school students
Upperman, J. E. (1995) · VTechWorks (Virginia Tech)
Alternative learning centers for disruptive secondary school students: An analytical survey
Davis, K. (1987) · ThinkTech (Texas Tech University)
The attitude of teachers towards corporal punishment
Rice, J. E. (2015)
The impact of the No Child Left Behind law's highly qualified teacher requirement on small rural alternative high schools in Oregon
Ryan, L. A. (n.d.) · ProQuest Demo Repository
Longitudinal predictors of disciplinary alternative school placement and the risk of subsequent juvenile detention in a cohort of third grade children.
Vanderhaar, J. E. (2010) · doi:10.18297/etd/1484
“Interestingly, in the mid 1980's, it was projected that alternative schools for disruptive and at-risk students would grow steadily throughout the 1990's (Garrison, 1987).”
A study of the effec ts of an alternative school program on the disruptive behavior of African American students in grades 6-12
Woodruff, R. W. (1996)
A longitudinal study of an alternative high school
Smith, B. S. (2005)
Finding Their Place: An Ethnographic Study of the Culture of Students Attending a Rural, Self-paced, Alternative Evening High School
Atkins, T. (2018) · Digital Commons (Liberty University)
A Study of the Concomitant Problems Facing Most of the "At-Risk" African American Students in the Benton Harbor Elementary School System: A Case for an Alternative Model
Honore, S. (1996) · doi:10.32597/dissertations/1715
Evaluating an alternative pathway
Manchester, P. (2013) · doi:10.17760/d20003032
The Effect of the Missouri Safe School Act of 1997 on Alternative Education Students: A Qualitative Analysis
Rhodes, R. G. (2013) · OpenSIUC (Southern Illinois University Carbondale)
Assessment of the Criteria Used to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Different Types of Alternative Education Programs in Georgia
Pope, A. E. (2007)
Students in alternative public high schools: educational histories prior to alternative school entry
Moilanen, C. (2000) · doi:10.15760/etd.484
“Amove and Strout (1980) and Raywid (1983) estimate that about a third of all alternative programs and schools are targeted at high-risk student populations. A variety of alternative programs and schools for the high-risk population are reported in the literature. Opportunity Industrialization Center (OIC) programs pro…”
BackgroundInfluential
Regional Safe Schools Programs in the State of Illinois
Metzen, M. R. (1999) · The Keep (Eastern Illinois University)
Untitled work
(2006) · K-State Research Exchange (Kansas State University) · Cited by 43

Authors: ARNOVE, R. F., & STROUT, T.
Affiliations: Indiana University Bloomington (US)
Venue: The Educational Forum
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 1980-05
Volume: 44
Issue: 4
Pages: 453-471
ISSN: 0013-1725 (ISSN-L)
1938-8098
DOI: 10.1080/00131728009336189
OpenAlex: W1968608854
Semantic Scholar: da3bf81617e9378e07a0ebb6c350f2815f0b89a3
Cited by: 56
References: 29
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 1 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 3
FWCI: 21.38
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: The Educational Forum (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Education › Education Methods and Practices
Social Sciences › Education › Education Discipline and Inequality
Social Sciences › Education › Diverse Education Studies and Reforms
Keywords: alternative schools, disruptive students, student misbehavior, student discipline, special education

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Alternative Schools for Disruptive Youth

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