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Flight-deck automation: promises and problems
Open accessAbstract
Modern microprocessor technology and display systems make it entirely feasible to automate many of the flight-deck functions previously performed manually. There are many benefits to be derived from automation; the question today is not whether a function can be automated, but whether it should be, due to various human factors issues. It is highly questionable whether total system safety is always enhanced by allocating functions to automatic devices rather than human operators, and there is some reason to believe that flight-deck automation may have already passed its optimum point. This is an age-old question in the human factors profession, and there are few guidelines available to the system designer. This paper presents the state-of-the-art in human factors in flight-deck automation, identifies a number of critical problem areas, and offers broad design guidelines. Some automation-related aircraft accidents and incidents are discussed as examples of human factors problems in automated flight.
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Liu, W., & Wang, Y. (2024) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2024.2313921 · Cited by 27
“Machines and humans are perceived differently as information sources: machines are viewed as having consistent and persistent qualities (Wiener & Curry, 1980; Connors et al., 1994), demonstrating uniformity across various scenarios; conversely, humans are considered more adaptable (Connors, 1989),…”
Adaptable automation for a more human-centered work design? Effects on human perception and behavior
Rieth, M., Onnasch, L., & Hagemann, V. (2024) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2024.103246 · Cited by 29
Petri net-based modelling of human–automation conflicts in aviation
Pizziol, S., Tessier, C., & Dehais, F. (2014) · Ergonomics · doi:10.1080/00140139.2013.877597 · Cited by 26
Understanding and Enhancing User Acceptance of Computer Technology
Rouse, W. B., & Morris, N. M. (1986) · IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics · doi:10.1109/tsmc.1986.4309014 · Cited by 26
Impact of Pilot's Expertise on Selection, Use, Trust, and Acceptance of Automation
Navarro, J., Allali, S., Cabrignac, N., & Cegarra, J. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems · doi:10.1109/thms.2021.3090199 · Cited by 27
Complemation: An Alternative to Automation
Schutte, P. C. (1999) · Cited by 25
Johnson, A. W., Duda, K. R., Sheridan, T. B., & Oman, C. M. (2016) · Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society · doi:10.1177/0018720816665759 · Cited by 25
“…is highly capable and able to reduce the amount of physical work performed by human operators while increasing safety and efficiency (Ephrath & Curry, 1977; Federal Aviation Administration, 2009; National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 2008; Wickens & Hollands, 2000; Wiener & Curry, 1980).”
BackgroundLin, C. J., Yenn, T., & Yang, C. (2009) · Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing & Service Industries · doi:10.1002/hfm.20168 · Cited by 25
“Many studies (Billings, 1991; Endsley & Kiris, 1995; Parasuraman, 2000; Wiener & Curry, 1980) determined that automation does not exist as an all-or-none solution but can be based on different types or stages of human information processing and types of automation (TOAs), each of which can be…”
BackgroundHuman factors of flight-deck automation: Report on a NASA-industry workshop
Boehm‐Davis, D. A., Curry, R. E., Wiener, E. L., & Harrison, R. L. (1983) · Ergonomics · doi:10.1080/00140138308963424 · Cited by 25
Self-citationFallible Humans and Vulnerable Systems: Lessons Learned from Aviation
Wiener, E. L. (1987) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-83091-4_17 · Cited by 25
Self-citationAutomation, Authority and Angst — Revisited
Sheridan, T. B. (1991) · Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting · doi:10.1177/154193129103500103 · Cited by 24
Aziz, T., Horiguchi, Y., & Sawaragi, T. (2013) · IFAC Proceedings Volumes · doi:10.3182/20130811-5-us-2037.00022 · Cited by 24
Engsley, M. R., Onal, E., & KABER, D. B. (2002) · Conference on Human Factors and Power Plants · doi:10.1109/hfpp.1997.624849 · Cited by 25
Effects of Information and Decision Automation on Multi-Task Performance
Rovira, E. M., Zinni, M., & Parasuraman, R. (2002) · Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting · doi:10.1177/154193120204600324 · Cited by 24
Towards a New Paradigm for Automation: Designing for Situation Awareness
Endsley, M. R. (1995) · IFAC Proceedings Volumes · doi:10.1016/s1474-6670(17)45259-1 · Cited by 25
“Human operators acting as monitors have problems in detecting system errors and performing tasks manually in the event of automation failures (Billings, 1988; Wickens, 1992; Wiener and Curry, 1980).”
BackgroundAli, H., Pham, D.-T., Alam, S., Schultz, M., Li, M. Z., Wang, Y., Itoh, E., & Dương, V. (2025) · Advanced Engineering Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.aei.2025.103256 · Cited by 29
Enhancing the effectiveness of human-robot teaming with a closed-loop system
Teo, G. W. L., Reinerman-Jones, L., Matthews, G., Szalma, J. L., Jentsch, F. G., & Hancock, P. A. (2017) · Applied Ergonomics · doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2017.07.007 · Cited by 23
Automated Online Determination of Pilot Activity Under Uncertainty by Using Evidential Reasoning
Honecker, F., & Schulte, A. (2017) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-58475-1_18 · Cited by 23
A survey of system administrator mental models and situation awareness
Hrebec, D. G., & Stiber, M. (2001) · ACM SIGCPR Conference on Computer Personnel Research (SIGCPR) · doi:10.1145/371209.371231 · Cited by 23
Automated Safety Monitoring: A Review and Classification of Methods
Papadopoulos, Y. I., & McDermid, J. A. (2001) · Cited by 23
Rudisill, M. (1995) · NASA Technical Reports Server (NASA) · Cited by 22
Metadata
- Authors
- WIENER, E. L., & CURRY, R. E.
- Affiliations
- University of Miami (US)
- Venue
- Ergonomics
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 1980-11
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 995-1011
- ISSN
- 0014-0139 (ISSN-L)
- 1366-5847
- OpenAlex
- W2153220708
- Cited by
- 599
- References
- 21
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 10.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Locations
- Ergonomics (publishedVersion)
- NASA Technical Reports Server (NASA) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Ames Research Center
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Human Factors and Ergonomics › Human-Automation Interaction and Safety
- Social Sciences › Human Factors and Ergonomics › Ergonomics and Human Factors
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Aerospace Engineering › Aerospace Engineering and Control Systems
- Keywords
- cockpit automation, human factors, aircraft automation, human-automation interaction, system safety, aviation accidents, pilot workload, microprocessor technology, display devices
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