Girlie Girls and Manly Men: Chidren's Stigma Consciousness of Gender in Sports and Physical Activities

Schmalz, Dorothy L.; Kerstetter, Deborah L.

doi:10.1080/00222216.2006.11950091

Cited by 154Sports, Gender, and SocietyRecreation, Leisure, Wilderness ManagementInclusion and Disability in Education and Sport

Girlie Girls and Manly Men: Chidren's Stigma Consciousness of Gender in Sports and Physical Activities

Schmalz, Dorothy L., Kerstetter, Deborah L.·2006·Journal of Leisure Research

DOI 10.1080/00222216.2006.11950091

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Abstract

Despite efforts toward equality, social rules of gender play a prominent role in leisure especially within the sport and physical activity arena. Recreational and organized sports are common leisure pursuits among children. From an early age, children show signs of recognizing “appropriate” gendered behavior and activities. The goal of this study was to assess the degree to which children are aware of social stereotypes of gender in sport and physical activity and how their awareness affects their participation choices. Results of the study indicate that in terms of gender stereotypes girls experience greater social latitude in their sport participation than boys. The findings suggest support for further investigations into the effects of gender stigmas on boys' participation and experiences in sport and physical activity.

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Existing stereotypes can be very difficult for females in sport to overcome.
“Existing stereotypes can be very difficult for females in sport to overcome [53, 60].”
From Barriers to voluntary participation in sport for children: a systematic review (2018) · cites this paper as [60]

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Schmalz, D. L. (2004)
Self-citation
Gender stereotypes and children's attitudes towards males and females in sport
Howat, D. (1998) · Northumbria Research Link (Northumbria University)

Authors: Schmalz, D. L., & Kerstetter, D. L.
Affiliations: Clemson University (US)
Pennsylvania State University (US)
ORCID: Schmalz, Dorothy L.
Kerstetter, Deborah L.
Venue: Journal of Leisure Research
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2006-12
Volume: 38
Issue: 4
Pages: 536-557
ISSN: 0022-2216 (ISSN-L)
2159-6417
DOI: 10.1080/00222216.2006.11950091
OpenAlex: W1523962113
Cited by: 154
References: 56
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 8
FWCI: 11.13
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Leisure Research (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Sports, Gender, and Society
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Recreation, Leisure, Wilderness Management
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Inclusion and Disability in Education and Sport
Keywords: gender stereotypes, children's sport participation, gender stigma, gendered leisure, physical activity, gendered behavior, gender differences in sport

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Girlie Girls and Manly Men: Chidren's Stigma Consciousness of Gender in Sports and Physical Activities

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