The DOI matches its Crossref record; 12 of the 13 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Correlates of academic procrastination: discomfort, task aversiveness, and task capability.
Abstract
The relationships among five aspects of academic procrastination--behavioral delay, personal upset about the delay, task aversiveness, task capability, and the desire to reduce behavioral delay--were investigated in 10th-grade Israeli students (N = 195). Upset about delay was weakly related to delay itself, and--unlike delay--was strongly related to perceived capability to perform academic tasks and to the desire to change delaying behavior. Students delayed more on academic tasks labeled unpleasant than pleasant, were neutral in between, and were correspondingly more upset about the former than the latter. They more frequently acknowledged reasons for academic procrastination that were less threatening to their self-image (e.g., problems in time management) than reasons that were more threatening (e.g., lack of ability). Interest in reducing delay is related more to self-perceived ability to handle tasks than to time spent procrastinating or reasons given for procrastinating.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Closer examination of the task aversiveness literature demonstrates that aversive tasks are characterized by lower autonomy, lower task significance, boredom, resentment, frustration, and difficulty (Milgram et al., 1988; Milgram et al., 1995; Blunt and Pychyl, 2000; Steel, 2007).”
From How Study Environments Foster Academic Procrastination: Overview and Recommendations (2020) · cites this paper as Milgram et al., 1995
Citations
Cites
Academic procrastination: Frequency and cognitive-behavioral correlates.
Solomon, L. J., & Rothblum, E. D. (1984) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.31.4.503 · Cited by 1,788
Toward An Understanding of Achievement‐Related Conflicts in Women
Horner, M. S. (1972) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1972.tb00023.x · Cited by 945
Skinner, E. A., Wellborn, J. G., & Connell, J. P. (1990) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.82.1.22 · Cited by 891
Affective, cognitive, and behavioral differences between high and low procrastinators.
Rothblum, E. D., Solomon, L. J., & Murakami, J. (1986) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.33.4.387 · Cited by 521
Patrick, B. C., Skinner, E. A., & Connell, J. P. (1993) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.65.4.781 · Cited by 340
Patrick, B. C., Skinner, E. A., & Connell, J. P. (1993) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.65.4.781 · Cited by 307
Neenan, M., & Dryden, W. (2010) · Taylor & Francis eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203362853_chapter_3 · Cited by 229
Birney, R. C., Burdick, H., & Teevan, R. C. (1969) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 226
The procrastination of everyday life.
Milgram, N. A., Sroloff, B., & Rosenbaum, M. (1988) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/0092-6566(88)90015-3 · Cited by 201
Self-citationCorrelates of academic procrastination
Milgram, N. A., Batori, G., & Mowrer, D. (1993) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-4405(93)90033-f · Cited by 107
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Bandura A., 1986, The social foundations of thought and action: A social-cognitive theory
- Deaux K., 1976, The behavior of men and women
- Hermon L., 1991, The relationship of pupils' perceptions of their parents' attitudes toward them and the kind of academic task undertaken to procrastination in achieving and under-achieving pupils
- Hill M. B., 1978, College Student Journal, 12, 256
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–150 of 150
ACADEMIC PROCRASTINATION IN RELATION TO GENDER AMONG GIFTED AND TALENTED COLLEGE STUDENTS
Islak, R. B. (2011) · Cited by 6
Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Nomofobi Düzeyleri ile Akademik Erteleme Davranışları Arasındaki İlişki
AKSOĞAN, M., & Atıcı, B. (2022) · Erzincan Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi · doi:10.17556/erziefd.937544 · Cited by 6
Duru, E., & Balkıs, M. (2014) · Cited by 5
Steel, P., & Klingsieck, K. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/obo/9780199828340-0140 · Cited by 5
The link between procrastination and graduation rates: evidence from the ALEKS learning platform
Arnold, I. (2022) · Education Economics · doi:10.1080/09645292.2022.2063796 · Cited by 5
“The evidence of a gender effect on procrastination is mixed (Milgram, Marshevsky, and Sadeh 1995; Özer, Demir, and Ferrari 2009; Ferrari 2001; Kachgal, Hansen, and Nutter 2001).”
BackgroundDami, Z. A., Tameon, S. M., & Saudale, J. (2020) · Pedagogika · doi:10.15823/p.2020.137.12 · Cited by 4
“Although some studies have reported significant gender differences (Milgram, 1995; Pychyl, Coplan & Reid, 2002), another study reported no gender differences (ABU, 2012; Sharma & Kaur, 2011).”
Reducing Procrastination by Scaffolding the Formation of Implementation Intentions
Kamphorst, B. A. (2012) · Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) · Cited by 4
Živković, P. Ž. (2020) · Узданица · doi:10.18485/uzdanica.2020.17.2.17 · Cited by 4
Kahyaoğlu, M. B., & Arıkan, E. (2021) · Karadeniz Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi · doi:10.38155/ksbd.811664 · Cited by 3
A Qualitative Study among Self-Identified Perfectionists and Procrastinators in Academic Tasks
SALTÜRK, A. (2021) · Participatory Educational Research · doi:10.17275/per.22.26.9.2 · Cited by 11
Çakıcı, A. (2021) · Balıkesir Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi · doi:10.31795/baunsobed.855584 · Cited by 4
STUDY OF ADOLESCENTS’ PERSONAL FACTORS OF TENDENCY FOR PROCRASTINATION
Бабатіна, С. І., & Svitlana, S. (2019) · Insight the psychological dimensions of society · doi:10.32999/2663-970x/2019-1-1 · Cited by 3
Balkıs, M. (2016) · Pamukkale University Journal of Education · doi:10.9779/puje747 · Cited by 3
Di Nocera, F., De Piano, R., Rullo, M., & Tempestini, G. (2023) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs13040333 · Cited by 1
“Although the literature has placed the focus primarily on these traits, procrastination seems to be a (presumably learned) behavioral strategy that is used to avoid the unpleasant feelings associated with the completion of aversive tasks, such as difficult or boring tasks [26,34,35], which are often thought of as not…”
BackgroundMao, Y., Zhang, J., Liu, Y., & Wang, Y. (2024) · The Journal of General Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221309.2024.2407426 · Cited by 3
“Second, from the nonjudgment perspective, procras-tinators tend to delay task completion and usually procrastinate on tasks that they perceive as unpleasant (i.e., task aversiveness) (Milgram et al., 1995; Solomon & Rothblum, 1984; Steel, 2007).”
Peker, M., & Bağlicakoğlu, G. (2025) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-024-10108-8 · Cited by 2
“Lastly, the difficulty perceptions of a task could be accompanied by aversiveness toward the task and reluctance to carry it out (Kumar & Jagacinski, 2011; Milgram et al., 1995), making alternative action tendencies more tempting and hampering the initiation of the current intention (Kuhl, 1994a).”
Lambert, P. B. (2012) · Cited by 2
Time Perspectives as Predictors of Academic Procrastinations
Baguri, E. M., Roslan, S. B., & Ahmad, N. (2020) · International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences · doi:10.6007/ijarbss/v10-i16/8317 · Cited by 3
“Among several types of procrastination, academic procrastination is the major type because it is endemic (Milgram et al., 1995) and “involves compulsive behavior and individuals can have difficulties in decision-making as well”, (Wong, 2012).”
BackgroundШпортун, О., Avramenko, N., Kaplinsky, V., Коваль, Т., Тюріна, Т. Г., Matokhniuk, L., Shevchuk, V., & Bloshchynskyi, I. (2022) · BRAIN BROAD RESEARCH IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND NEUROSCIENCE · doi:10.18662/brain/13.1/289 · Cited by 3
Aus, K., Arro, G., Jõgi, A., & Malleus, E. (2014) · Eesti Haridusteaduste Ajakiri = Estonian Journal of Education · doi:10.12697/eha.2014.2.1.09 · Cited by 2
Interventional procrastination strategies for young adults in virtual settings: A systematic reviewPreprint
Xu, J. H., Marjia, M., Ahluwalia, K., Zada, D. K., Tavakolizaeh, N., & Dao, M. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/cgvdb · Cited by 2
Güleç, S., & Yıldız, H. (2024) · Uluslararası Türk Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi · doi:10.46778/goputeb.1498108 · Cited by 3
“…of a less urgent task (Ferrari & Patel, 2004; Lay, 1986; Schraw et al., 2007); avoiding an unpleasant task (Blunt & Pychyl, 2000; Ferrari et al., 1995; Milgram et al., 1993); or delaying academic tasks until a time when the individual experiences a high level of anxiety (Senecal et al., 1995).”
Garg, A., Shelat, S., & Schooler, J. W. (2025) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-03388-3 · Cited by 3
Kulp, M., Scheunemann, A., Wenker, T., Bäulke, L., Dresel, M., Fries, S., Leutner, D., Wirth, J., & Grunschel, C. (2026) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2026.102976 · Cited by 1
Evaluación contínua en un grupo grande de Psicología Educativa de Barcelona
Clariana, M., Gotzens, C., & Martín, M. B. (2011) · Redalyc (Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México) · Cited by 1
Altundağ, C. K. (2019) · SHS Web of Conferences · doi:10.1051/shsconf/20196601005 · Cited by 1
التسويف الأكاديمي وعلاقته بالتكيف الدراسي لدى طلبة الجامعة
هادي, م. م. ن. ك. (2021) · International Journal on Humanities and Social Sciences · doi:10.33193/ijohss.19.2021.200 · Cited by 1
Snehitha, M., Reddy, V. C., Kumar, R. V. S. K., Srinivasulu, G., & Prathyusha, V. (2022) · Journal of Indian Association of Public Health Dentistry · doi:10.4103/jiaphd.jiaphd_49_21 · Cited by 1
Bhusal, N. (2023) · Journal of Balkumari College · doi:10.3126/jbkc.v12i1.60418 · Cited by 1
“In addition, people believe to be less competent on tasks are prone to procrastination (Bandura, 1977; Haycock, McCarthy and Skay,1998; Ki - amarsi and Abloghasemi 2014; Lay, 1992; Milgram, Marshevsky & Sadeh, 1995; Wolters, 2003).”
BackgroundKashiwakura, S., & Hiraki, K. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-61277-y · Cited by 6
The Relationship between Binge-Watching Habits and Academic Procrastination among College Students
Yolie, S. E., & Hastuti, R. (2024) · Journal of Communication in Scientific Inquiry (JCSI) · doi:10.58915/jcsi.v5i2.1096 · Cited by 2
Zachowania prokrastynacyjne młodzieży gimnazjalnej, licealnej i studenckiej – analiza porównawcza
Markiewicz, K. (2018) · Psychologia Rozwojowa · doi:10.4467/20843879pr.18.021.9950 · Cited by 1
DELAYING BEHAVIOR IN INSTITUTIONS: PROCRASTINATION
Seda, U. Y. A. R. (2019) · Journal of Academic Perspective on Social Studies · doi:10.35344/japss.529729 · Cited by 1
Shahri, S. S. Z., & Sayyedalhosseini, S. (2021) · Journal of Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.16966/2474-7769.139 · Cited by 1
“Students postponed annoying homework more than pleasant ones and they felt more confused and anxious about unpleasant homework, and they made more reasons for procrastination of frustrating homework than the pleasant one [19,20].”
BackgroundKaur, J., & Lomash, H. (2016) · Shodhganga · Cited by 1
Graff, M. (2016) · CUNY Academic Works (City University of New York) · Cited by 1
Ackerman, D. S., & Gross, B. L. (2014)
Darwish, N. A., & Qasim, M. (2016) · European Journal of STEM Education · doi:10.20897/lectito.201602
Wybrane współczesne zagrożenia dla edukacji w aspekcie psychologicznym
Englert-Bator, A. (2017) · Edukacja – Technika – Informatyka · doi:10.15584/eti.2017.4.10
Nguyen, Q. N., La, T.-T. T., Phan, M. T., & Ninh, T.-D. (2020) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/2wjc6
هنداوي, إ. ن. ع. ا. (2021) · مجلة کلية التربية · doi:10.21608/jfe.2021.210416
A high bar may benefit weak students
Arnold, I. J. M. (2022) · Higher Education · doi:10.1007/s10734-022-00959-w
“Milgram et al. (1995), Senecal et al. (1995) and ¨Ozer et al. (2009) find that male students have a higher inclination to procrastinate than female students.”
BackgroundYang, X., Ma, Y., Lan, H., et al. (2023) · Atlantis Highlights in Computer Sciences/Atlantis highlights in computer sciences · doi:10.2991/978-94-6463-040-4_40
ПРОКРАСТИНАЦИЯ И ЕЕ ВЛИЯНИЕ НА СОВЛАДАЮЩЕЕ ПОВЕДЕНИЕ
Golub, O. V., Тимофеева, Т. С., & Скрябина, С. В. (2023) · Вестник Тверского государственного университета Серия Педагогика и психология · doi:10.26456/vtpsyped/2023.4.006
Tạ, N. Á., Tạ, M. H., Nguyễn, T. T. U., Nguyễn, G. T., & Trần, N. D. (2023) · VNU Journal of Foreign Studies · doi:10.63023/2525-2445/jfs.ulis.4895 · Cited by 1
The relationship between academic self-efficacy and academic procrastination: A meta-analysis study
ASLAN, Ö. Ş., & Terzi, R. (2026) · International Journal of Assessment Tools in Education · doi:10.21449/ijate.1790430 · Cited by 1
СТУДЕНТТЕРДЕГІ ПЕРФЕКЦИОНИЗМ, АКАДЕМИЯЛЫҚ ПРОКРАСТИНАЦИЯ ЖӘНЕ ӨМІРГЕ ҚАНАҒАТ АРАСЫНДАҒЫ БАЙЛАНЫС
Ордагулова, Д. И., Kaziev, K. O., Бекжанова, С. Ж., et al. (2025) · Habaršy. Psihologiâ seriâsy · doi:10.51889/2959-5967.2025.83.2.009
Cai, J. (2026) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440261424019
“Learners who experience elevated anxiety may delay or avoid listening tasks as a coping strategy, thereby reinforcing procrastination (Milgram et al., 1995).”
Psychopathology of Procrastination: Causes, Types, and Coping Strategies
KOÇYİĞİT, E. G. (2026) · Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar - Current Approaches in Psychiatry · doi:10.18863/pgy.1839306 · Cited by 1
(2011) · Educational Research Review · doi:10.5897/err.9000020 · Cited by 76
Metadata
- Authors
- Milgram, N., Marshevsky, S., & Sadeh, C.
- Affiliations
- Tel Aviv University (IL)
- Venue
- The Journal of Psychology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 1995-03
- Volume
- 129
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 145-155
- ISSN
- 0022-3980 (ISSN-L)
- 1940-1019
- OpenAlex
- W2072328601
- Semantic Scholar
- 6213af51dc8c64aa94e153f9ff1e4f378bfd81c6
- Cited by
- 149
- References
- 13
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 1.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Perfectionism, Procrastination, Anxiety Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Education, Achievement, and Giftedness
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Student Stress and Coping
- Keywords
- academic procrastination, task aversiveness, self-perceived ability, discomfort, time management, high school students
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Aptitude, Avoidance Learning, Cognitive Dissonance, Defense Mechanisms, Educational Status, Female, Humans, Internal-External Control, Male, Motivation, Self Concept, Students
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
