Cited by 5Family Dynamics and RelationshipsAttachment and Relationship DynamicsMarriage and Family Dynamics

Internet access and partnership formation in the United States

Open access
Sironi, Maria, Kashyap, Ridhi·2022·Population Studies

Abstract

The Internet has fundamentally altered how we communicate and access information and who we can interact with. However, the implications of Internet access for partnership formation are theoretically ambiguous. We examine their association using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY97) and Current Population Survey (CPS) in the United States. We find that the relationship between Internet access and partnership states (in the NLSY97) or partnership status (in the CPS) is age-dependent. While negative at the youngest adult ages, the association becomes positive as individuals reach their mid- to late 20s, for both same-sex and different-sex partnerships. The results suggest that Internet access is positively associated with union formation when individuals enter the stage in the young adult life course when they feel ready to commit to a long-term partnership. Our study contributes to a growing literature that highlights the implications of digital technologies for demographic processes.Supplementary material for this article is available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/00324728.2021.1999485

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1080/00324728.2021.1999485

Cites

2 of 2 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • According to recent evidence from the United States, matching tends to be positively affected at the point at which individuals are willing to engage in a partnership.

    “According to recent evidence from the United States, matching tends to be positively affected at the point at which individuals are willing to engage in a partnership (Sironi & Kashyap 2022).”

    From Fertility in High-Income Countries: Trends, Patterns, Determinants, and Consequences (2024) · cites this paper as Sironi & Kashyap 2022

    The Discussion (page unavailable) reports that Internet access becomes positively associated with partnership status after the mid-20s, when the desire to settle down may grow stronger. It does not measure individuals’ willingness to partner at a specific point or establish that willingness causes matching to improve. (LLM, conf=0.82)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 38

  1. Arnett, J. J. 2000. Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties, American Psychologist 55(5): 469– 480. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.55.5.469 10842426 · DOI · Paper page
  2. Arnett, J. J. 2014. Emerging Adulthood: The Winding Road from the Late Teens Through the Twenties. New York: Oxford University Press.
  3. Barber, J. S., S. A. Murphy, W. G. Axinn, and J. Maples. 2000. 6. Discrete-time multilevel hazard analysis, Sociological Methodology 30(1): 201– 235. doi: 10.1111/0081-1750.00079 · DOI
  4. Bargh, J. A., K. Y. McKenna, and G. M. Fitzsimons. 2002. Can you see the real me? Activation and expression of the “true self” on the internet, Journal of Social Issues 58(1): 33– 48. doi: 10.1111/1540-4560.00247 · DOI
  5. Bellou, A. 2015. The impact of internet diffusion on marriage rates: Evidence from the broadband market, Journal of Population Economics 28(2): 265– 297. doi: 10.1007/s00148-014-0527-7 · DOI
  6. Billari, F. C., O. Giuntella, and L. Stella. 2019. Does broadband internet affect fertility?, Population Studies 73(3): 297– 316. doi: 10.1080/00324728.2019.1584327 30919746 · DOI · Paper page
  7. Billari, F. C. and A. C. Liefbroer. 2007. Should I stay or should I go? The impact of age norms on leaving home, Demography 44(1): 181– 198. doi: 10.1353/dem.2007.0000 17461342 · DOI
  8. Bruch, E. E. and M. E. J. Newman. 2019. Structure of online dating markets in U.S. cities, Sociological Science 6: 219– 234. doi: 10.15195/v6.a9 31363485 PMC6666423 · DOI
  9. Büchi, M., N. Just, and M. Latzer. 2016. Modeling the second-level digital divide: A five-country study of social differences in internet use, New Media & Society 18(11): 2703– 2722. doi: 10.1177/1461444815604154 · DOI
  10. Correa, T., A. W. Hinsley, and H. G. de Zúñiga. 2010. Who interacts on the web?: The intersection of users’ personality and social media use, Computers in Human Behavior 26(2): 247– 253. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2009.09.003 · DOI · Paper page
  11. Danielsbacka, M., A. O. Tanskanen, and F. C. Billari. 2019. Who meets online? Personality traits and sociodemographic characteristics associated with online partnering in Germany, Personality and Individual Differences 143: 139– 144. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2019.02.024 · DOI
  12. Dettling, L. J. 2017. Broadband in the labor market: The impact of residential high-speed internet on married women’s labor force participation, ILR Review 70(2): 451– 482. doi: 10.1177/0019793916644721 · DOI
  13. DiMaggio, P., E. Hargittai, W. R. Neuman, and J. P. Robinson. 2001. Social implications of the internet, Annual Review of Sociology 27(1): 307– 336. doi: 10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.307 · DOI
  14. Fairlie, R. W., D. O. Beltran, and K. K. Das. 2010. Home computers and educational outcomes: Evidence from the NLSY97 and CPS, Economic Inquiry 48(3): 771– 792. doi: 10.1111/j.1465-7295.2009.00218.x · DOI
  15. Finkel, E. J., P. W. Eastwick, B. R. Karney, H. T. Reis, and S. Sprecher. 2012. Online dating: A critical analysis from the perspective of psychological science, Psychological Science in the Public Interest 13(1): 3– 66. doi: 10.1177/1529100612436522 26173279 · DOI · Paper page
  16. Hitsch, G. J., A. Hortaçsu, and D. Ariely. 2010. What makes you click?—Mate preferences in online dating, Quantitative Marketing and Economics 8(4): 393– 427. doi: 10.1007/s11129-010-9088-6 · DOI
  17. McKenna, K. Y., A. S. Green, and M. E. Gleason. 2002. Relationship formation on the internet: What’s the big attraction?, Journal of Social Issues 58(1): 9– 31. doi: 10.1111/1540-4560.00246 · DOI · Paper page
  18. Nie, N. H. and D. S. Hillygus. 2002. The impact of Internet use on sociability: Time-diary findings, IT & Society 1(1): 20.
  19. Pesando, L. M., V. Rotondi, M. Stranges, R. Kashyap, and F. C. Billari. 2021. The internetization of international migration, Population and Development Review 47(1): 79– 111. doi: 10.1111/padr.12371 33897068 PMC8049048 · DOI · Paper page
  20. Potârcă, G. and M. Mills. 2015. Racial preferences in online dating across European countries, European Sociological Review 31(3): 326– 341. doi: 10.1093/esr/jcu093 · DOI
  21. Potârcă, G., M. Mills, and W. Neberich. 2015. Relationship preferences among gay and lesbian online daters: Individual and contextual influences, Journal of Marriage and Family 77(2): 523– 541. doi: 10.1111/jomf.12177 · DOI
  22. Robinson, J. P. 2011. IT use and leisure time displacement: Convergent evidence over the last 15 years, Information, Communication & Society 14(4): 495– 509. doi: 10.1080/1369118X.2011.562223 · DOI
  23. Robinson, J. P. and S. Martin. 2010. IT use and declining social capital? More cold water from the General Social Survey (GSS) and the American Time-use Survey (ATUS), Social Science Computer Review 28(1): 45– 63. doi: 10.1177/0894439309335230 · DOI
  24. Rosenfeld, M. J. 2017. Marriage, choice, and couplehood in the age of the internet, Sociological Science 4: 490– 510. doi: 10.15195/v4.a20 · DOI
  25. Rosenfeld, M. 2018. Are Tinder and dating apps changing dating and mating in the USA?, in Van Hook J., S. McHale and V King (eds), Families and Technology. National Symposium on Family Issues, vol 9. Cham: Springer, pp. 103– 117.
  26. Rosenfeld, M. J. and R. J. Thomas. 2012. Searching for a mate: The rise of the Internet as a social intermediary, American Sociological Review 77(4): 523– 547. doi: 10.1177/0003122412448050 · DOI
  27. Rosenfeld, M. J., R. J. Thomas, and S. Hausen. 2019. Disintermediating your friends: How online dating in the United States displaces other ways of meeting, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116(36): 17753– 17758. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1908630116 PMC6731751 31431531 · DOI
  28. Sassler, S. and A. Miller. 2017. Cohabitation Nation: Gender, Class, and the Remaking of Relationships. Oakland, CA: University of California Press.
  29. Schoen, R., N. S. Landale, and K. Daniels. 2007. Family transitions in young adulthood, Demography 44(4): 807– 820. doi: 10.1353/dem.2007.0044 18232212 · DOI
  30. Schwartz, C. R. 2013. Trends and variation in assortative mating: Causes and consequences, Annual Review of Sociology 39: 451– 470. doi: 10.1146/annurev-soc-071312-145544 · DOI
  31. Schwartz, P. and N. Velotta. 2018. Online dating: Changing intimacy one swipe at a time?, in Van Hook J., S. McHale and V. King (eds), Families and Technology. National Symposium on Family Issues, vol 9. Cham: Springer, pp. 57– 88.
  32. Shanahan, M. J. 2000. Pathways to adulthood in changing societies: Variability and mechanisms in life course perspective, Annual Review of Sociology 26(1): 667– 692. doi: 10.1146/annurev.soc.26.1.667 · DOI
  33. Thomas, R. J. 2020. Online exogamy reconsidered: Estimating the internet’s effects on racial, educational, religious, political and age assortative mating, Social Forces 98(3): 1257– 1286. 10.1093/sf/soz060 · DOI
  34. Tillman, K. H., K. L. Brewster, and G. V. Holway. 2019. Sexual and romantic relationships in young adulthood, Annual Review of Sociology 45: 133– 153. doi: 10.1146/annurev-soc-073018-022625 · DOI
  35. Valkenburg, P. M. and J. Peter. 2007. Who visits online dating sites? Exploring some characteristics of online daters, CyberPsychology & Behavior 10(6): 849– 852. doi: 10.1089/cpb.2007.9941 18085977 · DOI · Paper page
  36. Warf, B. 2013. Contemporary digital divides in the United States, Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie 104(1): 1– 17. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9663.2012.00720.x · DOI
  37. Whyte, S. and B. Torgler. 2017. Things change with age: Educational assortment in online dating, Personality and Individual Differences 109: 5– 11. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2016.12.031 · DOI
  38. Yang, M. L. and W. B. Chiou. 2010. Looking online for the best romantic partner reduces decision quality: The moderating role of choice-making strategies, Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking 13(2): 207– 210. doi: 10.1089/cyber.2009.0208 20528280 · DOI

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Sironi, M., & Kashyap, R.
Affiliations
  • University College London (GB)
  • University of Oxford (GB)
Venue
Population Studies
Published
2021-11-23
Volume
76
Issue
3
Pages
427-445
ISSN
  • 0032-4728 (ISSN-L)
  • 1477-4747
OpenAlex
W3096306306
Cited by
5
References
2
Citations by year
2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 1
FWCI
1.39
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Population Studies (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
  • UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
  • Oxford University Research Archive (ORA) (University of Oxford) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Padua Research Archive (University of Padova) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Demography › Family Dynamics and Relationships
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Marriage and Family Dynamics
Keywords
internet access, partnership development, marriage, cohabitation, same-sex partnerships, digital technologies, age-dependent effects, digital divide, demographic processes
MeSH terms
Internet Access, Adolescent, Data Collection, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, United States, Young Adult

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review