Integrative Psychobiological Approach to Psychiatric Assessment and Treatment
Abstract
A Developmental approach to integrative psychobiology provides a flexible framework for both clinical assessment and treatment planning. Assessment of seven dimensions of personality using the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) allows for comprehensive description of individual differences in feelings, thoughts, and actions. Four temperament factors that are stable throughout life can be decomposed in terms of their underlying genetic structure. Character factors that mature in response to social learning can be decomposed in terms of the components that unfold in a stepwise fashion from infancy through adulthood. Pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy can be systematically matched to the personality structure and stage of character development of each individual. This provides comprehensive paradigm that integrates psychodynamic, cognitive-behavioral, interpersonal, and neurobiological insights into case formulation. Use of the TCI in clinical assessment and treatment planning was illustrated by a case independently assessed by Mardi Horowitz using another approach.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The TCI uniquely characterizes personality by differentiating temperamental dimensions from character dimensions.
“However, the TCI uniquely characterizes personality by differentiating temperamental dimensions (associated with affectivity and implicit memory) from character dimensions (related to self-awareness and either components of declarative memory, semantic and episodic) (Cloninger & Svrakic, 1997;Grigsby & Hartlaub, 1994).”
From The Role of Personality in Language Learning (2026) · cites this paper as Cloninger & Svrakic, 1997
Cites
A psychobiological model of temperament and character
Cloninger, C. R. (1993) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1993.01820240059008 · Cited by 5,458 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Relaxation Response: Psychophysiologic Aspects and Clinical Applications
Benson, H., Greenwood, M. M., & Klemchuk, H. (1975) · The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine · doi:10.2190/376w-e4mt-qm6q-h0um · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Empathy: its ultimate and proximate bases
Preston, S. D., & de Waal, F. B. M. (2002) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x02000018 · Cited by 4,126 · see citing works
Developing a model for adult temperament
Evans, D. E., & Rothbart, M. K. (2007) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2006.11.002 · Cited by 807 · see citing works
The borderline diagnosis I: psychopathology, comorbidity, and personaltity structure
Skodol, A. E., Gunderson, J. G., Pfohl, B., Widiger, T. A., Livesley, W. J., & Siever, L. J. (2002) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(02)01324-0 · Cited by 769 · see citing works
Personality and substance use disorders: A prospective study.
Sher, K. J., Bartholow, B. D., & Wood, M. D. (2000) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.68.5.818 · Cited by 483 · see citing works
De Fruyt, F., Van De Wiele, L., & Van Heeringen, C. (2000) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(99)00204-4 · Cited by 455 · see citing works
Abnormal Reward System Activation in Mania
Abler, B., Greenhouse, I., Ongur, D., Walter, H., & Heckers, S. (2008) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1301620 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Pélissolo, A., & Lépine, J.-P. (2000) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/s0165-1781(00)00127-x · Cited by 152 · see citing works
The Role of Personality in Language Learning
Mrzyglod, E., Esposito, A., Fabbro, A., Fabbro, F., Crescentini, C., & Matiz, A. (2026) · Psychology of Language and Communication · doi:10.58734/plc-2026-0004
- Authors
- Cloninger, C. R., & Svrakic, D. M.
- Affiliations
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- ORCID
- Cloninger, C. Robert
- Venue
- Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 1997-05
- Volume
- 60
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 120-141
- ISSN
- 0033-2747 (ISSN-L)
- 1943-281X
- OpenAlex
- W1807769745
- Cited by
- 262
- References
- 2
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 4.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5u01mh046280-08)
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH-46280, U01MH046276, MH 31302, MH-46276)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Keywords
- Temperament and Character Inventory, personality assessment, temperament, character development, developmental approach, case formulation, psychodynamic approach, cognitive-behavioral approach, interpersonal approach, individual differences
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Affect, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Male, Models, Psychological, Personality Development, Personality Inventory, Psychotherapy, Self-Assessment, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Temperament
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
