The DOI matches its Crossref record; 1 of the 1 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Gender Differences in Gut Transit Shown with a Newly Developed Radiological Procedure
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Gut transit measurements are essential for understanding the pathophysiology of many gastrointestinal disorders. The ideal bowel transit test should be easy to perform, widely accessible, reproducible, non-invasive and inexpensive and the risks should be minimal. These requirements prompted us to develop a procedure for simultaneous measurement of gastric emptying, small-bowel transit and colonic transit at one visit. We assessed the influence of gender, body mass index, age, menopause and smoking on gastrointestinal transit in healthy subjects. METHODS: Eighty-three healthy subjects (43 women) were included. Colonic transit was based on 10 radiopaque rings given daily for 6 days with fluoroscopy on day 7. Then, the subjects had a test meal containing 20 radiopaque markers. Using fluoroscopy, gastric emptying and small-bowel transit of the markers were followed until they reached the colon. RESULTS: Gastric emptying, small-bowel transit and colonic transit were significantly slower in female healthy subjects compared to males (2.9 (1.6-4.9) h, median and percentile 10-90, versus 2.4 (0.7-3.7) h, P=0.005; 4.4 (2.1-11.1) h versus 3.2 (1.5-6.0) h, P=0.001; 1.5 (1.0-3.7) days versus 1.3 (0.8-1.9) days P=0.002), respectively. Small-bowel transit was significantly faster in women with overweight and in postmenopausal women compared to lean and premenopausal women, respectively. CONCLUSION: This procedure meets most of the requirements of the ideal bowel transit test and is easily performed at one visit. Small-bowel transit as well as gastric emptying and colonic transit were significantly slower for women.
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“This increase was not attributable to a higher percentage of exogenous carbohydrate oxidation, but, alternatively, was attributed to a smaller decrease in endogenous CHO oxidation in eumenorrheic women during exercise [201].”
From International society of sports nutrition position stand: nutritional concerns of the female athlete (2023) · cites this paper as [201]
In the citing paper
“it has not been established if multiple transportable carbohydrate blends at high doses (up to 90 g · h−1) improve peak exogenous oxidation rates in females [201,211].”
From International society of sports nutrition position stand: nutritional concerns of the female athlete (2023) · cites this paper as [201]
In the citing paper
“Women using COC demonstrate a slightly lower reliance on exogenous CHO oxidation as compared to non-COC users [98,179,201].”
From International society of sports nutrition position stand: nutritional concerns of the female athlete (2023) · cites this paper as [201]
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Items 101–182 of 182
Algera, J. P., Colomier, E., Melchior, C., Hreinsson, J. P., Midenfjord, I., Clevers, E., Simrén, M., & Törnblom, H. (2022) · Neurogastroenterology & Motility · doi:10.1111/nmo.14482 · Cited by 19
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“Furthermore, it has been shown that women have longer bowel transit times than men, which may indicate that the acceptable PC transit time in women ought to be longer than the 48 h stated [27].”
BackgroundOro‐cecal transit time: influence of a subsequent meal
Priebe, M. G., Wachters-Hagedoorn, R. E., Stellaard, F., et al. (2004) · European Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2362.2004.01357.x · Cited by 19
“During the study period no intake of food is allowed in some studies [ 10 ,11], whereas in others a subsequent meal is permitted at a certain time point (mostly at 240 min) after ingestion of the test meal [12‐15].”
BackgroundSex-by-formulation interaction assessed through a bioequivalence study of efavirenz tablets
Ibarra, M., Magallanes, L., Lorier, M., Vázquez, M., & Fagiolino, P. L. (2016) · European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.ejps.2016.02.001 · Cited by 18
Comparing radiopaque markers and 13C-labelled breath test in diabetic gastroparesis diagnostics
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“Comparing gastric emptying in the two genders, we found no significant differences, contradicting previous studies showing slower emptying in women; however, our study was not designed to investigate this.(20,26) Overall our findings may indicate that the definition of delayed gastric emptying for men as an average RO…”
ResultEstudio de los tiempos de tránsito gastrointestinal con cápsula endoscópica
Jiménez, B. V., Fernández-Salazar, L. I., Aller, R., Valverde, F. D. L. C., Martínez, L. D. O., Santos, T. A., & Hernández, J. M. G. (2005) · Gastroenterología y Hepatología · doi:10.1157/13076347 · Cited by 17
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Self-citationGies, A., Niedermaier, T., Alwers, E., et al. (2021) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers13143574 · Cited by 15
“Possible reasons may include the higher proportion of AN located in the distal colon and rectum that are more frequently detected by FIT than proximal AN [27,28], higher rates of aspirin use for cardio prevention [29], and a shorter colonic transit time [30] that may be associated with less Hb degradation prior to def…”
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“A plain abdominal X-ray together with ingestion of radiopaque markers (ROM) is one method widely used in both clinical and research settings, to calculate the CTT, depending on how many markers that remain in the colon (6,7).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialClark, G., Steele, R. J., & Fraser, C. G. (2022) · Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) · doi:10.1515/cclm-2022-0583 · Cited by 14
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Development and analysis of a multi-module peristaltic simulator for gastrointestinal research
Swackhamer, C., Bedane, T. F., Keppler, S., et al. (2023) · Food Research International · doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112877 · Cited by 13
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“Several precautions have been taken to ensure this [14], and the usefulness of the marker method has been shown in several studies on a large number of patients [7,14,15,16,17].”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationSex-specific effects of excipients on oral drug bioavailability
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“High concentrations may also mimic high fluid load which is known to empty at an accelerated rate when compared with solids (Sadik et al., 2003).”
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Gastrointestinal motility and neurogastroenterology
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“More recently, this method has also been included in a procedure where radiopaque markers are used to measure gastric, small intestinal and colonic transit during one visit [119].”
MethodSelf-citationNutrient yield from starch in pigs : consequences for energy balance and meal patterns
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“Sadik et al. showed that gastric emptying, small-bowel transit, and colonic transit were significantly slower in healthy female subjects than in males [8].”
Gastrointestinal Dysfunction in Chronic Liver Disease
Nguyen, D. H. N. Q. (2015) · Journal of Gastrointestinal & Digestive System · doi:10.4172/2161-069x.1000257 · Cited by 10
“Available studies suggest that the changes in the structure and function of the enterocyte tight junctions may be responsible for the elevated permeability [83-85].”
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“As an integrated part of the CT exam at day 5 (+/− 1 day), trial participants’ gut transit time will be assessed using radiopaque markers administered orally on day three after randomisation [36].”
MethodZubiaur, P., Matas, M., Martín‐Vílchez, S., Soria‐Chacartegui, P., Villapalos‐García, G., Figueiredo-Tor, L., Calleja, S., Navares‐Gómez, M., de Miguel, A., Novalbos, J., et al. (2022) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics14102001 · Cited by 11
“This finding is consistent with the reported higher absorption rate in the small intestine in men due to higher gastric motility compared to women [26,27].”
ResultAlgera, J. P., Blomsten, A., Khadija, M., Verbeke, K., Vanuytsel, T., Tack, J. F., Simrén, M., & Törnblom, H. (2024) · npj gut and liver. · doi:10.1038/s44355-024-00010-y · Cited by 9
“Transit time was assessed with two extensively validated methods 23,33,34 , and a strength of our study is that both methods show similar results, that older IBS patients have slower transit when the colon is included compared with younger IBS patients.”
InfluentialIrritable Bowel Syndrome in Women
Roisinblit, K. C. (2012) · Journal of Midwifery & Women s Health · doi:10.1111/j.1542-2011.2012.00200.x · Cited by 12
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Bowel transit studies in children: evidence base, role and practicalities
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“5 unit increase in the pH of gastric juice in women compared to men [21,22].”
BackgroundSex-related differences in antidepressant response: When to adjust treatment
Marsh, W., & Deligiannidis, K. M. (2010) · The Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) Network (American Medical Association) · Cited by 7
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Clinical Conditions Associated With Bacterial Overgrowth
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“24 From the fasted set of MRI images on visit 3, a transit score was calculated by subdividing the bowel into eight sections and each capsule was scored according to its position in the colon.”
MethodFaecal haemoglobin: Measurement, applications, and future potential
Fraser, C. G. (2023) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Gastroenterology · doi:10.1016/j.bpg.2023.101833 · Cited by 7
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“Some authors found that women had a slower CTT than men [18, 34], but we could find no significant CTT differences between women and men, in agreement with other reports [21, 30].”
BackgroundResultA biomechanical comparative study of passive stomach tissue from pigs and humans
Holzer-Stock, C. S., Pukaluk, A., Viertler, C., Regitnig, P., Schweighofer, M., Eschbach, M., Caulk, A. W., & Holzapfel, G. A. (2025) · Acta Biomaterialia · doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2025.05.013 · Cited by 6
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“In another study performed on 83 subjects (40 M and 43 F), gastric emptying, small bowel transit, and colonic transit were significantly slower in female than in male subjects (Sadik et al., 2003).”
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“The estimated occurrence of constipation is almost twofold higher in women than that in men (Aziz et al., 2020; Camilleri et al., 2017; Sadik et al., 2003) posing tremendous healthcare and economic burden.”
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“With regard to this putative mechanism, the role of sexual hormones on GI motility and secretion should not be neglected.(3) For instance, genistein (a nat-”
BackgroundResultCommon Tests for the Pelvic Floor
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“Also, the longer colonic transit time of feces and higher prevalence of constipation among women might favor intracolonic hemoglobin degradation, especially in the case of bleeding from proximal neoplasms (11).”
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“This sex difference seems to depend on hormonal status, as it is absent in postmenopausal women (Hutson et al. 1989 ; Sadik et al. 2003).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Sadik, R., Abrahamsson, H., & Stotzer, P.-O.
- Affiliations
- Sahlgrenska University Hospital (SE)
- ORCID
- Sadik, R.
- Venue
- Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2003-01
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 36-42
- ISSN
- 0036-5521 (ISSN-L)
- 1502-7708
- OpenAlex
- W2041872557
- Cited by
- 183
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 3.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Eli Lilly and Company
- Vetenskapsrådet
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Urology › Pelvic floor disorders treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Enhanced Recovery After Surgery
- Keywords
- gastrointestinal transit, gender differences, gastric emptying, small intestinal transit, colonic transit, radiopaque markers, fluoroscopy, menopause, body mass index, smoking, healthy volunteers
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Colon, Digestive System, Digestive System Physiological Phenomena, Female, Fluoroscopy, Gastric Emptying, Gastrointestinal Transit, Humans, Intestine, Small, Male, Menopause, Middle Aged, Sex Factors, Body Mass Index
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