Sex-Related Differences in the Pharmacological Response in SARS-CoV-2 Infection, Dyslipidemia, and Diabetes Mellitus: A Narrative Review
Open accessAbstract
Pharmacological responses vary by sex in several illnesses. This narrative review summarizes sex variations in pharmaceutical response in SARS-CoV-2 infection, dyslipidemia, and diabetes mellitus. Infection with SARS-CoV-2 is more severe and deadly in men than women. This may be attributed to immunological responses, genetics, and hormones. Some research shows that men may respond better to genomic vaccinations and females to antiviral medications such as remdesivir (Moderna and Pfizer-BioNTech). In dyslipidemia, women tend to have greater HDL-C and lower LDL-C than men. Some studies show that females may need lower statin dosages than men to obtain equal LDL-C reductions. Ezetimibe co-administered with a statin significantly improved lipid profile indicators in men compared to women. Statins reduce dementia risk. Atorvastatin decreased dementia risk in males (adjusted HR 0.92, 95% CI 0.88–0.97), whereas lovastatin lowered dementia risk in women (HR 0.74, 95% CI 0.58–0.95). In diabetes mellitus, evidence suggests that females may have a higher risk of developing certain complications such as diabetic retinopathy and neuropathy, despite having lower rates of cardiovascular disease than males. This could be the result of differences in hormonal influences and genetic factors. Some research shows females may respond better to oral hypoglycemic medications such as metformin. In conclusion, sex-related differences in pharmacological response have been observed in SARS-CoV-2 infection, dyslipidemia, and diabetes mellitus. Further research is needed to better understand these differences and to develop personalized treatment strategies for males and females with these conditions.
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Semaglutide has demonstrated significant utility in managing type 2 diabetes and obesity as a GLP-1 receptor agonist.
“The drug has demonstrated significant utility in managing type 2 diabetes and obesity, thanks to its action as a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist (RA) [4,5,6].”
From Assessment of Thyroid Carcinogenic Risk and Safety Profile of GLP1-RA Semaglutide (Ozempic) Therapy for Diabetes Mellitus and Obesity: A Systematic Literature Review (2024) · cites this paper as [6]
The Results, §2.3 (page unavailable), describe GLP-1 receptor agonists as antidiabetic medicines with hypoglycemic, fat-loss, and appetite-suppressing effects. Our copy does not identify semaglutide or establish its specific utility for managing type 2 diabetes and obesity, so it supports the class-level point but not the drug-specific claim. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredDespite sharing a therapeutic class, individual GLP-1 RAs can exhibit diverse biological effects and safety profiles due to their distinct molecular structures and mechanisms of action.
“This approach is grounded in the understanding that despite sharing a therapeutic class, individual GLP-1 RAs can exhibit diverse biological effects and safety profiles due to their distinct molecular structures and mechanisms of action [1,4,5,6].”
From Assessment of Thyroid Carcinogenic Risk and Safety Profile of GLP1-RA Semaglutide (Ozempic) Therapy for Diabetes Mellitus and Obesity: A Systematic Literature Review (2024) · cites this paper as [6]
Section 2.3 (Diabetes Mellitus; page unavailable) describes GLP-1RAs as a therapeutic class with several biological effects and a generally favorable safety profile. It discusses differences in response between men and women, but does not establish that individual GLP-1RAs differ from one another in effects or safety because of their molecular structures or mechanisms of action. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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The “sex gap” in COVID-19 trials: a scoping review
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Metformin: Sex/Gender Differences in Its Uses and Effects—Narrative Review
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Linking CD1-Restricted T Cells With Autoimmunity and Dyslipidemia: Lipid Levels Matter
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Effects of Statin Therapy in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
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Role of Sex and Age in Fatal Outcomes of COVID-19: Women and Older Centenarians Are More Resilient
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Statin Effects on Aggression: Results from the UCSD Statin Study, a Randomized Control Trial
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Sex-tailored pharmacology and COVID-19: Next steps towards appropriateness and health equity
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Impact of Statin Use on Dementia Incidence in Elderly Men and Women with Ischemic Heart Disease
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Endocrine and Metabolic Effects of Fat: Cardiovascular Implications
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Bienek, R., Marek, B., Kajdaniuk, D., Borgiel−Marek, H., Piecha, T., Nowak, M., Siemińśka, L., Głogowska-Szeląg, J., Fołtyn, W., & Kos‐Kudła, B. (2012) · PubMed · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators in COVID-19: A Possible Therapeutic Option?
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Sex disparities in the effect of statins on lipid parameters
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Considerations of sex and gender dimensions by research ethics committees: a scoping review
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Gliptin therapy reduces hepatic and myocardial fat in type 2 diabetic patients
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Al-Zakwani, I. S., Al-Mahruqi, F., Al‐Rasadi, K., Shehab, A. M., Almahmeed, W. A., Arafah, M., Al-Hinai, A. T., Tamimi, O. A., Alawadhi, M., & Santos, R. D. (2018) · Lipids in Health and Disease · doi:10.1186/s12944-018-0667-y · Cited by 12 · see citing works
GENDER AND ETHICS COMMITTEES: WHERE’S THE ‘DIFFERENT VOICE’?
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Gender Medicine in Clinical Radiology Practice
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Association between Sex-Related ALOX5 Gene Polymorphisms and Lung Atopy Risk
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Sex differences in neurology: a scoping review protocol
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Flagged first, then by citations
4 of the 125 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 1
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“The drug has demonstrated significant utility in managing type 2 diabetes and obesity, thanks to its action as a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist (RA) [4–6].”
Exploring Inflammatory Parameters in Lung Cancer Patients: A Retrospective Analysis
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An Exploratory Assessment of Pre-Treatment Inflammatory Profiles in Gastric Cancer Patients
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Unveiling the Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Lung Cancer Surgery
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- Authors
- Lombrea, A., Romanescu, M., Jianu, N., Andor, M., Suciu, M., Man, D. E., Danciu, C., Dehelean, C. A., & Buda, V.
- Affiliations
- Victor Babeș University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timișoara (RO)
- Corresponding author
- Andor, Minodora
- Danciu, Corina
- ORCID
- Venue
- Pharmaceuticals
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2023-06-07
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 853
- ISSN
- 1424-8247 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC10305448
- OpenAlex
- W4380263535
- Cited by
- 8
- References
- 125
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 5
- FWCI
- 0.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Pharmaceuticals (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Sex and Gender in Healthcare
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmacology › Pharmacogenetics and Drug Metabolism
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
- Keywords
- sex differences, pharmacological response, COVID-19 pandemic, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, sex hormones, statins, ezetimibe, atorvastatin, lovastatin, dementia risk, metformin, oral antidiabetic drugs, COVID-19 vaccines, remdesivir, diabetes complications
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