The DOI matches its Crossref record; 45 of the 45 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The return to the sacred path: Healing the historical trauma and historical unresolved grief response among the lakota through a psychoeducational group intervention
Abstract
This article, based on research conducted with Lakota human service providers, concludes that the Lakota (Teton Sioux) suffer from impaired grief of an enduring and pervasive quality. Impaired grief results from massive cumulative trauma associated with such cataclysmic events as the assassination of Sitting Bull, the Wounded Knee Massacre, and the forced removal of Lakota children to boarding schools. The research studied a culturally syntonic four‐day psychoeducational intervention designed to initiate a grief resolution process for a group of 45 Lakota human service providers. The methodology included assessment at three intervals: (a)apre‐ and post‐test, utilizing a Lakota Grief Experience Questionnaire andthe semantic differential, (b) a self report evaluation instrument at the end of the intervention, and (c) a six‐week follow‐up questionnaire. The results confirmed the hypotheses that: (a) education about historical trauma would lead to increased awareness of the impact and associated grief related affects of the traumatic Lakota history, (b) sharing these affects with other Lakota in a traditional context would provide cathartic relief, and (c) grief resolution would be initiated, including a reduction in grief affects, more positive identity, and a commitment to individual and community healing.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“AIs have experienced genocidal policies, pandemics, forced relocation, removal of children from their families to boarding schools, and government bans against ceremonies (Walls & Whitbeck, 2012; Whitbeck, Walls, Johnson, Morrisseau, & McDougall, 2009; Brave Heart, 1998; Duran & Duran, 1995).”
From Stressful Life Events, Ethnic Identity, Historical Trauma, and Participation in Cultural Activities: Associations with Smoking Behaviors among American Indian Adolescents in California (2015) · cites this paper as Brave Heart, 1998
Citations
Cites
The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud
Freud, S. (1953) · Cited by 17,730
Erikson, E. H. (2026) · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.18614668 · Cited by 11,235
Osgood, C. E., Suci, G. J., & Tannenbaum, P. H. (1957) · Cited by 9,433
Perry, J. B., & Erikson, E. H. (1965) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.2307/349827 · Cited by 3,847
Freud, S. (1922) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-192211000-00066 · Cited by 3,341
Bereavement: Studies of grief in adult life
(1976) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3999(76)90065-9 · Cited by 1,231
Disenfranchised grief: recognizing hidden sorrow
(1990) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.27-3546 · Cited by 912
Bereavement: Studies of grief in adult life
Maddison, D. (1973) · Social Science & Medicine (1967) · doi:10.1016/0037-7856(73)90016-4 · Cited by 816
American Holocaust: The Conquest Of The New World
Stannard, D. E. (1992) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195075816.001.0001 · Cited by 528
Death in Life: Survivors of Hiroshima, by Robert Jay Lifton
Bettelheim, B. (1969) · Political Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2147074 · Cited by 495
Death in Life: Survivors of Hiroshima
Burks, A. W., & Lifton, R. J. (1969) · The American Historical Review · doi:10.2307/1873250 · Cited by 357
A Final Promise: The Campaign to Assimilate Indians, 1880-1920
Unrau, W. E., & Hoxie, F. E. (1986) · American Indian Quarterly · doi:10.2307/1183990 · Cited by 254
Oyate Ptayela:Rebuilding the Lakota Nation Through Addressing Historical Trauma Among Lakota Parents
Heart, M. Y. H. B. (1999) · Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment · doi:10.1300/j137v02n01_08 · Cited by 243
Self-citationNeihardt, J. G., Deloria, P. J., & Deloria, V. J. (1932) · Cited by 218
A Final Promise: The Campaign to Assimilate the Indians, 1880-1920
Hertzberg, H. W., & Hoxie, F. E. (1985) · The American Historical Review · doi:10.2307/1852807 · Cited by 204
Bergmann, M. S., & Jucovy, M. E. (1991) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 190
American Holocaust: Columbus and the Conquest of the New World.
Thornton, R., & Stannard, D. E. (1994) · Journal of American History · doi:10.2307/2080617 · Cited by 158
Gh, P. (1998) · PubMed · Cited by 157
Development of the Grief Experience Questionnaire
Barrett, T. W., & Scott, T. B. (1989) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/j.1943-278x.1989.tb01033.x · Cited by 146
Memorial Candles: Children of the Holocaust
Wardi, D. (2014) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315812779 · Cited by 145
Pathologic Grief: Maladaptation to Loss
Jacobs, S. (1993) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 135
Regional Differences in Indian Health: 2000-2001
(2001) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e620922007-001 · Cited by 134
Grief: the mourning after: dealing with adult bereavement
(1989) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.27-0591 · Cited by 116
A Pilot Study of Depression Among American Indian Patients with Research Diagnostic Criteria
Shore (1987) · American Indian and Alaska Native Mental Health Research · doi:10.5820/aian.0102.1987.4 · Cited by 89
Healing Their Wounds: Psychotherapy with Holocaust Survivors and Their Families
Marcus, P., & Rosenberg, A. (1989) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 84
Trauma and Rebirth: Intergenerational Effects of the Holocaust.
Himmelfarb, S., Sigal, J. J., & Weinfeld, M. (1992) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2076314 · Cited by 81
Trauma and Rebirth: Intergenerational Effects of the Holocaust
Krell, R. W. (1990) · American Journal of Psychotherapy · doi:10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.1990.44.2.302a · Cited by 69
The Problem of Loss and Mourning : Psychoanalytic Perspectives
Dietrich, D. R., & Shabad, P. C. (2000) · Cited by 66
Identification patterns of offspring of Holocaust survivors with their parents.
Felsen, I., & Erlich, H. S. (1990) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1037/h0079205 · Cited by 64
Understanding the Traumatized Self
Lifton, R. J. (1988) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-0786-8_1 · Cited by 55
The Psychological Perspectives of the Holocaust and of Its Aftermath
Braham, R. L. (1988) · Cited by 49
Psychodynamic Group Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Vietnam Veterans
Koller, P. S., Marmar, C. R., & Kanas, N. (1992) · International Journal of Group Psychotherapy · doi:10.1080/00207284.1992.11490687 · Cited by 41
The Mourning Liberation Process
Siegel, K. (1990) · American Journal of Psychotherapy · doi:10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.1990.44.4.608 · Cited by 39
A metapsychological assessment based on an analysis of a survivor's child.
Kestenberg, J. S. (1982) · Cited by 39
Nagata, D. K. (1991) · Psychotherapy · doi:10.1037/0033-3204.28.1.121 · Cited by 38
Memorial Candles: Children of the Holocaust
Feigelson, E. B. (1994) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.151.3.447 · Cited by 35
Dyk, W. (1947) · American Anthropologist · doi:10.1525/aa.1947.49.2.02a00080 · Cited by 34
Therapeutic Groups for Children of Holocaust Survivors
Fogelman, E., & Savran, B. (1979) · International Journal of Group Psychotherapy · doi:10.1080/00207284.1979.11491986 · Cited by 34
Legters, L. H. (1988) · Policy Studies Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1541-0072.1988.tb00685.x · Cited by 29
Themes of Culture and Ancestry among Children of Concentration Camp Survivors
Heller, D. C. (1982) · Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/00332747.1982.11024155 · Cited by 27
Transposition revisited: Clinical, therapeutic, and developmental considerations.
Kestenberg, J. S. (1989) · Cited by 22
Gh, P. (1972) · PubMed · Cited by 17
Sack, W. H., Beiser, M., Clarke, G. N., & Redshirt, R. (1987) · PubMed · Cited by 16
A Public Health Approach to Suicide Attempts on an Indian Reservation
Claymore (1988) · American Indian and Alaska Native Mental Health Research · doi:10.5820/aian.0103.1988.19 · Cited by 14
American Holocaust: Columbus and the Conquest of the New World.
Reff, D. T., & Stannard, D. E. (1994) · The American Historical Review · doi:10.2307/2166178 · Cited by 10
Research works printed but not linked: 22
- Blackcloud R. C., 1990, A gathering of Sioux … In honor of Chief Sitting Bull
- Brave Heart M. Y. H., Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment
- Brave Heart‐Jordan M. Y. H., 1995, The return to the Sacred Path: Healing from historicaltraumaand historical unresolved grief among the Lakota
- 1990, Bureau of Indian Affairs Labor Force Report
- Cloud W., 1996, Taking care of our Wakanhenja (Sacred Children). (Curriculum development funded through OSAP)
- Crow Dog M., 1990, Lakota woman
- Erikson E., 1959, Psychological Issues,, 7
- Fogelman E., 1988, The psychological perspectives of the Holocaust and of its aftermath, 79
- Fogelman E., 1991, Storms and rainbows: The many faces of death, 25
- 1995, Regional differences in Indian health
- Krystal H., 1984, Psychoanalytic reflections on the Holocaust: Selected essays, 113
- 1990, The Lakota Times
- Macgregor G., 1970, 77ie modern Sioux: Social systems and reservation culture, 92
- Niederland W. G., 1989, The problem of loss and mourning: Psychoanalytic perspectives, 61
- Pollock G. H., 1989, The mourning‐liberation process, Vol I, 251
- Prince R. M., 1985, The legacy of the Holocaust: Psycho‐historical themes in the second generation
- Rustin S. L., 1988, The psychological perspectives of the Holocaust and its aftermath, 161
- Sack W., 1987, American Indian and Alaska Native Mental Health Research Journal,, 1, 37
- Tanner H., 1982, a history of all the dealings of the united states government with the sioux
- Thornton R., 1987, American Indian Holocaust and survival: Apopulation history since 1492
- van der Kolk B. A., 1987, Psychological trauma
- Vestal S., 1957, Sitting Bull: Champion of the Sioux
Cited by
Heart, M. Y. H. B. (2003) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2003.10399988 · Cited by 932
Self-citationBrave Heart, M. Y. H., Chase, J., Elkins, J., & Altschul, D. B. (2011) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2011.628913 · Cited by 825
Self-citationConceptualizing and measuring historical trauma among American Indian people
Whitbeck, L. B., Adams, G. W., Hoyt, D. R., & Chen, X. (2004) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1023/b:ajcp.0000027000.77357.31 · Cited by 751
Gone, J. P. (2013) · Transcultural Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1363461513487669 · Cited by 533
American Indian and Alaska Native mental health: diverse perspectives on enduring disparities
Gone, J. P., & Trimble, J. E. (2012) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032511-143127 · Cited by 440
Metadata
- Authors
- Brave Heart, M. Y. H.
- Venue
- Smith College Studies in Social Work
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 1998-06
- Volume
- 68
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 287-305
- ISSN
- 0037-7317
- 1553-0426
- Cited by
- 293
- References
- 45
- Language
- en
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.