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Cited by 56Smoking Behavior and CessationIndigenous Health, Education, and RightsRacial and Ethnic Identity Research

Stressful Life Events, Ethnic Identity, Historical Trauma, and Participation in Cultural Activities: Associations with Smoking Behaviors among American Indian Adolescents in California

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Soto, Claradina, Baezconde-Garbanati, Lourdes, Schwartz, Seth J., Unger, Jennifer B.·2015·Addictive Behaviors
DOI 10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.06.005PMC PMC4515401
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Abstract

Introduction American Indian (AI) adolescents have the highest prevalence of commercial tobacco use of any ethnic group in the United States. This study examines ethnic identity (EI), participation in cultural activities, and stressful life events (SLEs) as correlates of smoking and examines historical trauma (HT) as a mediator of these associations. Methods California AI youth (N = 969, ages 13-19, recruited from 49 tribal youth organizations and cultural activities in urban and reservation areas in California) completed a tobacco survey. Structural equation modeling was used to test a model examining HT as a potential mediator of the associations of EI, participation in cultural activities, and SLEs with cigarette smoking. Results Model fit was adequate. EI, participation in cultural activities, and SLEs predicted HT. HT mediated the associations of participation in cultural activities and SLEs with past-month smoking. Stronger EI predicted greater past-month smoking and this effect was mediated by greater HT. The direct effects from HT to both smoking outcomes were positive and the direct effect from EI to past-month smoking was negative. Conclusions HT is a risk factor for cigarette smoking both directly and in mediating the links of EI, cultural activities, and SLEs. More efforts are needed to help AI youth to process these thoughts and empower themselves to contribute to their own lives and those of their families and communities without resorting to unhealthy addictive behaviors such as commercial tobacco use.

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  • Many studies reported significant associations between higher levels of reported historical trauma experience and adverse health outcomes; several studies linked historical trauma to increased substance use.

    “Many studies reported significant associations between higher levels of reported historical trauma experience and adverse health outcomes; specifically, several studies linked historical trauma to increased substance use [26,27,28,29].”

    From Substance and Behavioral Addictions among American Indian and Alaska Native Populations (2022) · cites this paper as [27]

    The Results (§3.2, page unavailable) report significant positive paths from historical trauma to both experimental and past-month smoking among American Indian adolescents. The Introduction (§1.2, page unavailable) also describes associations with other adverse outcomes and substance use, but this paper does not establish that many studies found significant associations across those outcomes. (LLM, conf=0.83)

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  • The repercussions of historical trauma continue to be evidenced in current structural racism and social determinants of health that adversely impact AIANs' overall health and outweigh their coping resources.

    “The repercussions of historical trauma continue to be evidenced in current structural racism and social determinants of health that adversely impact AIANs’ overall health and outweigh their coping resources [27,33,43].”

    From Substance and Behavioral Addictions among American Indian and Alaska Native Populations (2022) · cites this paper as [27]

    The Introduction (§1.2 Historical Trauma; page unavailable) describes present-day reminders of historical trauma, including impoverished living conditions, and links trauma to mental-health and substance-use outcomes. The Discussion reports an association with smoking among American Indian adolescents in California. The paper does not establish that current structural racism and social determinants harm AIANs’ overall health or outweigh their coping resources. (LLM, conf=0.85)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • AIANs resorted to substance use and other behavioral addictions to cope with multiple, chronic, and acute stressors related to discrimination, cultural and material losses, genocide, and knowledge of deliberate efforts to erase the culture.

    “Potentially as a direct result, or through indirect associations, AIANs resorted to substance use and other behavioral addictions to cope with the multiple, chronic, and acute stressors related to discrimination, cultural and material losses, genocide, and knowledge of the deliberate efforts to erase the culture [26,27,28,29,99].”

    From Substance and Behavioral Addictions among American Indian and Alaska Native Populations (2022) · cites this paper as [27]

    The Introduction (§§1.2, 1.5; page not provided) links historical trauma and stressful life events, including discrimination and cultural loss, to smoking and substance use among American Indian youth. The Results (§3.2; page not provided) find associations between stressful life events, historical trauma, and smoking in California adolescents. The paper does not establish that AIANs broadly use substances to cope with these stressors, and it does not address other behavioral addictions. (LLM, conf=0.88)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Historical trauma is directly linked to poor health outcomes and increased substance use.

    “Previous research has established historical trauma as directly linked to poor health outcomes and increased substance use [20,21,22,26,27,28,29,99].”

    From Substance and Behavioral Addictions among American Indian and Alaska Native Populations (2022) · cites this paper as [27]

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2 of the 58 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 4

  1. Evans-Campbell T Historical trauma in American Indian/Native Alaska communities Journal of Interpersonal Violence 2008 23 3 316 338 18245571
  2. Gonzales N Gunnoe R Jackson K Samaniego R Validation of a multicultural events scale for urban adolescents: Preliminary strategies for enhancing cross-ethnic and cross-language equivalence Journal of Community Psychology 1999
  3. House IF Lobo S Urban Voices: The Bay Area American Indian Community 2002 50 University of Arizona Press
  4. Jones M Galliher R Navajo ethnic identity: Predictors of psychosocial outcomes in Navajo adolescents Journal of Research on Adolescence 2007 17 683 696

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Authors
Soto, C., Baezconde-Garbanati, L., Schwartz, S. J., & Unger, J. B.
Affiliations
  • University of Southern California (US)
  • University of Miami (US)
Corresponding author
Soto, Claradina
ORCID
Venue
Addictive Behaviors
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2015-11
Volume
50
Pages
64-69
ISSN
0306-4603 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.06.005
PMC
PMC4515401
OpenAlex
W588121877
Cited by
56
References
58
Citations by year
2026: 6 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 1
FWCI
1.96
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations
  • Addictive Behaviors (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
  • 2015 APHA Annual Meeting & Expo (Oct. 31 - Nov. 4, 2015)
Funders
National Cancer Institute (T32CA009492)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
  • Social Sciences › Health › Indigenous Health, Education, and Rights
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
Keywords
American Indian adolescents, cigarette smoking, ethnic identity, cultural activities, life events, historical trauma, mediation
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Adult, California, Culture, Ethnicity, Female, Humans, Indians, North American, Life Change Events, Male, Risk Factors, Smoking, Social Identification, Stress, Psychological, Prevalence, Young Adult

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