CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 49Ancient Egypt and ArchaeologyHistorical Astronomy and Related StudiesArchaeology and ancient environmental studies

The chronology of ancient Egypt

Kitchen, K. A.·1991·World Archaeology
DOI 10.1080/00438243.1991.9980172
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

The chronology of ancient Egypt can only be recovered (and then, inexactly) by combining several approaches. These include the sequences of kings and reigns, grouped into dynasties and larger periods. Original documents and interstate synchronisms (plus genealogical data) permit considerable control. To some extent, if their ambiguities can be overcome, lunar and ‘Sothic’ dates from astronomy can help. Other science‐based techniques (e.g., radiocarbon) are not precise enough to help, except in the prehistoric epoch. The margin of error of c. 200 years in early third millennium BC sinks to 20/10 years during the second millennium, and to zero in 664 BC.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1080/00438243.1991.9980172

Cites

14 of 14 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • One of the earliest Sothic records comes from the Illahun Papyrus assigned to Year 7 of king Senusret III of the Middle Kingdom.

    “One of the earliest Sothic records comes from the Illahun Papyrus assigned to Year 7 of king Senusret III of the MK, a ruler known for military expeditions to Nubia and the Levant [1,25,27–32].”

    From Resolution of the High versus Low debate for Old and Middle Kingdom Egypt (2025) · cites this paper as [30]

  • The correctness of the High and Low chronologies has been actively debated for more than a century.

    “The correctness of these two alternatives, High and Low, has been actively debated for more than a century [1,26,29,30,34,35].”

    From Resolution of the High versus Low debate for Old and Middle Kingdom Egypt (2025) · cites this paper as [30]

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 18

  1. von Beckerath J., 1987, Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur, 14, 27
  2. Björkman G., 1971, Kings at Karnak
  3. Brunton G., 1928, The Badarian Civilisation
  4. Franke D., 1988, Orientalia, 57, 113
  5. Haas H., 1987, Chronologies in the Near East, 379, 585
  6. Helck W., 1982, Lexikon der Ägyptologie
  7. Helck W., 1987, Åström, 18
  8. Helck W., 1988, Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur, 15, 149
  9. Hornung E., 1965, Zeitschrift für Aegyptische Sprache, 92, 38
  10. Kitchen K. A., 1987, Åström, 37
  11. Kitchen K. A., 1989, Åström, 152
  12. Krauss R., 1985, Sothis‐und Monddaten. Hildesheimer Ägyptologische Beiträge, 20
  13. Luft U., 1989, Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur, 16, 217
  14. Parker R. A., 1957, Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts Abteilung Kairo, 15, 208
  15. Parker R. A., 1976, Studies in Honor of George R. Hughes. Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilizations, 39, 177
  16. Redford D. B., 1986, Pharaonic King‐Lists, Annals and Daybooks
  17. Waddell W. G., 1940, Manetho [bound with Robbins, F. E., Ptolemy Tetrabiblos]. Loeb Classical Library
  18. Wells R. A., 1987, Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur, 14, 313

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Kitchen, K. A.
Affiliations
University of Liverpool (GB)
Corresponding author
Kitchen, K. A.
Venue
World Archaeology
Publisher
Informa UK Limited
Published
1991-10
Volume
23
Issue
2
Pages
201-208
ISSN
  • 0043-8243 (ISSN-L)
  • 1470-1375
DOI
10.1080/00438243.1991.9980172
OpenAlex
W2035718798
Cited by
49
References
14
Citations by year
2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 1 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 3
FWCI
12.36
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
World Archaeology (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Archeology › Ancient Egypt and Archaeology
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Historical Astronomy and Related Studies
  • Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Archaeology and ancient environmental studies
Keywords
ancient Egyptian chronology, Egyptian dynasties, genealogy, synchronism, lunar calendar, radiocarbon dating, prehistoric Egypt, 2nd millennium BC, 3rd millennium BC

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review