The DOI matches its Crossref record; 30 of the 30 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The criminalization of ‘free’ labour: Master and servant in comparative perspective
Overview
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Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“In practice, elements of freedom have existed in various systems and instances of chattel slavery throughout history, sometimes providing levels of freedom for persons with slave status comparable to those enjoyed by non-slave groups (see Craven and Hay 1994).”
From Collapsing the Boundaries Between De Jure and De Facto Slavery: The Foundations of Slavery Beyond the Transatlantic Frame (2020) · cites this paper as Craven and Hay 1994
Citations
Cites
Everitt, B. J., Landau, S., & Leese, M. (1974) · Cited by 9,186
Machine learning: An artificial intelligence approach
Hunt, E. (1983) · Journal of Mathematical Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-2496(83)90037-8 · Cited by 1,375
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
(1978) · IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems · doi:10.1109/taes.1978.308564 · Cited by 1,328
Artificial intelligence and statistics
Wiggins, L. L. (1989) · Computers Environment and Urban Systems · doi:10.1016/0198-9715(89)90027-6 · Cited by 1,116
(1983) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-12405-5 · Cited by 758
Learning from Observation: Conceptual Clustering
Michalski, R. S., & Stepp, R. E. (1983) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-12405-5_11 · Cited by 538
Automated Construction of Classifications: Conceptual Clustering Versus Numerical Taxonomy
Michalski, R. S., & Stepp, R. E. (1983) · IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence · doi:10.1109/tpami.1983.4767409 · Cited by 320
Frontiers of Pattern Recognition
(1972) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/c2013-0-11670-4 · Cited by 237
Chibaro: African Mine Labour in Southern Rhodesia 1900-1933.
Kraft, R. L., & van Onselen, C. (1977) · Industrial and Labor Relations Review · doi:10.2307/2522610 · Cited by 235
Chibaro: African Mine Labour in Southern Rhodesia 1900-1933
Parpart, J., & van Onselen, C. (1978) · The International Journal of African Historical Studies · doi:10.2307/217455 · Cited by 216
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- Bindoff S.T., 1961, Elizabethan Government and Society
- Bradley J., 1990, TACT: User's Guide
- Bradley J., 1992, ALLC‐ACH92 Conference Abstracts, 46
- Craven Paul, 1992, ALLC‐ACH92 Conference Abstracts, 98
- Banton, Mandy. 1993. “‘Colonial Office supervision of the introduction and revision of labour legislation in British Africa, with special reference to the use of penal sanctions in master and servant ordinances’”. University of London. (Ph.D. dissertation, unpublished,
- Thompson B., 1991, BYTE, 16
Cited by
Sorted by citations
'Things' are not What they Seem: On Persons, Things, Slaves, and the New Abolitionist Movement
O’Connell Davidson, J. (2016) · Current Legal Problems · doi:10.1093/clp/cuw008 · Cited by 15
Schwarz, K., & Nicholson, A. (2020) · Human Rights Review · doi:10.1007/s12142-020-00604-y · Cited by 8
Metadata
- Authors
- Craven, P., & Hay, D.
- Affiliations
- York University (CA)
- ORCID
- Hay, Douglas
- Venue
- Slavery & Abolition
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 1994-08
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 71-101
- ISSN
- 0144-039X (ISSN-L)
- 1743-9523
- OpenAlex
- W1990607661
- Cited by
- 51
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2024: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 3
- FWCI
- 0.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Slavery and Abolition (publishedVersion)
- bepress Legal Repository (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- York University
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History › Colonialism, slavery, and trade
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › International Labor and Employment Law
- Social Sciences › Law › Criminal Justice and Penology
- Keywords
- free labor, master and servant, labor law, comparative law
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: The criminalization of ‘free’ labour: Master and servant in comparative perspective. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1080/01440399408575127
- The paper
- Craven, P., & Hay, D. (1994). The criminalization of ‘free’ labour: Master and servant in comparative perspective. Slavery & Abolition. https://doi.org/10.1080/01440399408575127
