Rethinking Internal Consistency in Cronbach’s Alpha
Abstract
Cronbach's alpha estimates the internal consistency of responses in multi-item bipolar scales. This article examined three research questions (RQ): (1) To what extent do inconsistencies exist in data (e.g., responses of −2 −2 2 2)? (2) Does the number of scale items influence the amount of inconsistency? (3) Does Cronbach's alpha mask inconsistencies? Data were obtained from 29 research projects (n = 10,616). Each survey had place attachment questions comprising two concepts: place identity and place dependence. Respondents were classified as consistent or inconsistent based on their responses to the place attachment questions. Results demonstrated that: (a) inconsistent response patterns existed in the data (RQ1), (b) number of scale items influenced amount of inconsistency (RQ2), and (c) alpha masked these inconsistencies (RQ3). Discussion focused on implications of these findings.
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Reliability analysis was performed with Cronbach's-α to test the internal consistency of PSQ and CHIME scores as well as for corresponding scales following Vaske et al.'s recommendations.
“Reliability analysis was performed with Cronbach’s-α to test the internal consistency of PSQ and CHIME scores as well as for corresponding scales following Vaske et al.’s [45] recommendations for interpretation.”
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- Authors
- Vaske, J. J., Beaman, J., & Sponarski, C. C.
- Affiliations
- Colorado State University (US)
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Vaske, Jerry J.
- Venue
- Leisure Sciences
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2016-05-06
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 163-173
- ISSN
- 0149-0400 (ISSN-L)
- 1521-0588
- OpenAlex
- W2345483851
- Cited by
- 856
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 95 · 2025: 146 · 2024: 149 · 2023: 127 · 2022: 115 · 2021: 106 · 2020: 63 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 2 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 19.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Leisure Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Survey Methodology and Nonresponse
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Place Attachment and Urban Studies
- Keywords
- Cronbach's alpha, internal consistency, bipolar scales, place attachment, place identity, place dependence, scale reliability
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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