The DOI matches its Crossref record; 76 of the 76 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Soy intake and cancer risk: A review of the in vitro and in vivo data
Abstract
International variations in cancer rates have been attributed, at least in part, to differences in dietary intake. Recently, it has been suggested that consumption of soyfoods may contribute to the relatively low rates of breast, colon, and prostate cancers in countries such as China and Japan. Soybeans contain a number of anticarcinogens, and a recent National Cancer Institute workshop recommended that the role of soyfoods in cancer prevention be investigated. In this review, the hypothesis that soy intake reduces cancer risk is considered by examining relevant in vitro, animal, and epidemiological data. Soybeans are a unique dietary source of the isoflavone genistein, which possesses weak estrogenic activity and has been shown to act in animal models as an antiestrogen. Genistein is also a specific inhibitor of protein tyrosine kinases; it also inhibits DNA topoisomerases and other critical enzymes involved in signal transduction. In vitro, genistein suppresses the growth of a wide range of cancer cells, with IC50 values ranging from 5 to 40 microM (1-10 micrograms/ml). Of the 26 animal studies of experimental carcinogenesis in which diets containing soy or soybean isoflavones were employed, 17 (65%) reported protective effects. No studies reported soy intake increased tumor development. The epidemiological data are also inconsistent, although consumption of nonfermented soy products, such as soymilk and tofu, tended to be either protective or not associated with cancer risk; however, no consistent pattern was evident with the fermented soy products, such as miso. Protective effects were observed for both hormone- and nonhormone-related cancers. While a definitive statement that soy reduces cancer risk cannot be made at this time, there is sufficient evidence of a protective effect to warrant continued investigation.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Genistein, a specific inhibitor of tyrosine-specific protein kinases.
Akiyama, T., Ishida, J., Nakagawa, S., Ogawara, H., Watanabe, S., Itoh, N., Shibuya, M., & Fukami, Y. (1987) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)45614-1 · Cited by 3,724
Coward, L., Barnes, N. C., Setchell, K. D. R., & Barnes, S. (1993) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf00035a027 · Cited by 882
Self-citationGenistein, a dietary-derived inhibitor of in vitro angiogenesis.
Fotsis, T., Pepper, M., Adlercreutz, H., Fleischmann, G., Hase, T., Montesano, R., & Schweigerer, L. (1993) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.90.7.2690 · Cited by 766
Dietary effects on breast-cancer risk in Singapore
Lee, H. P., Lee, J., Gourley, L., Duffy, S. W., Day, N. E., & Estève, J. (1991) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/0140-6736(91)92867-2 · Cited by 765
Western diet and Western diseases: Some hormonal and biochemical mechanisms and associations
Adlercreutz, H. (1990) · Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation · doi:10.1080/00365519009085798 · Cited by 761
Nonsteroidal estrogens of dietary origin: possible roles in hormone-dependent disease
Setchell, K. D., Borriello, S. P., Hulme, P., Kirk, D. N., & Axelson, M. (1984) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/40.3.569 · Cited by 619
Self-citationSeverson, R. K., Nomura, A. M., Grove, J., & Stemmermann, G. N. (1989) · PubMed · Cited by 614
Phytoestrogen Interaction with Estrogen Receptors in Human Breast Cancer Cells
MARTIN, P. M., HORWITZ, K. B., RYAN, D. S., & McGUIRE, W. L. (1978) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo-103-5-1860 · Cited by 601
The Role of Soy Products in Reducing Risk of Cancer
Messina, M., & Barnes, S. (1991) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/83.8.541 · Cited by 601
Self-citationInhibitory effects of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein on mammalian DNA topoisomerase II.
Markovits, J., Linassier, C., Fossé, P., Couprie, J., Pierre, J., Jacquemin‐Sablon, A., Saucier, J.-M., Pecq, J. B. L., & Larsen, A. K. (1989) · PubMed · Cited by 550
Cited by
Middleton, E., Kandaswami, C., & Theoharides, T. C. (2000) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0031-6997(24)01472-8 · Cited by 4,882
Interaction of Estrogenic Chemicals and Phytoestrogens with Estrogen Receptor β
Kuiper, G. G. J. M., Lemmen, J. G., Carlsson, B., Corton, J. C., Safe, S. H., van der Saag, P. T., van der Burg, B., & Gustafsson, J.-Å. (1998) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo.139.10.6216 · Cited by 4,203
Dietary polyphenols and the prevention of diseases
Scalbert, A., Manach, C., Morand, C., Rémésy, C., & Jiménez, L. (2005) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/1040869059096 · Cited by 2,999
I NHIBITION OF C ARCINOGENESIS BY D IETARY P OLYPHENOLIC C OMPOUNDS
Yang, C. S., Landau, J. M., Huang, M.-T., & Newmark, H. L. (2001) · Annual Review of Nutrition · doi:10.1146/annurev.nutr.21.1.381 · Cited by 1,260
A Multiethnic Cohort in Hawaii and Los Angeles: Baseline Characteristics
Kolonel, L. N., Henderson, B. E., Hankin, J. H., Nomura, A. M. Y., Wilkens, L. R., Pike, M. C., Stram, D. O., Monroe, K. R., Earle, M. E., & Nagamine, F. S. (2000) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a010213 · Cited by 1,021
Metadata
- Authors
- Messina, M. J., Persky, V., Setchell, K. D. R., & Barnes, S.
- Venue
- Nutrition and Cancer
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 1994-01
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 113-131
- ISSN
- 0163-5581 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-7914
- OpenAlex
- W1998890155
- Cited by
- 1,315
- References
- 76
- FWCI
- 25.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Soy intake and cancer risk: A review of the in vitro and in vivo data. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1080/01635589409514310
- The paper
- Messina, M. J., Persky, V., Setchell, K. D. R., & Barnes, S. (1994). Soy intake and cancer risk: A review of the in vitro and in vivo data. Nutrition and Cancer. https://doi.org/10.1080/01635589409514310
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
