Prenatal smoking and postpartum depression: a meta-analysis
Abstract
Objectives: Postpartum depression (PPD) is a common emotional distress among many women in diversified cultures. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between prenatal smoking and PPD.Methods: We systematically searched PubMed, ISI Web of Science, EMBASE, Elsevier ScienceDirect, OVID and Springer databases up to 15 March 2017. The pooled odds ratio (OR) of PPD was compared between prenatal smoking women and the ones who did not smoke during pregnancy. The fixed effect model or random effect models were chosen according to heterogeneity between studies.Results: A total of 13 studies with 1,476,922 women were included in the meta-analysis. The average incidence of PPD was 3.0% (1717/57,997) in women with smoke exposure and 1.3% (6571/488,225) in women without smoke exposure. The pooled OR was 2.325 (95% CI 1.925–2.808; Z = 8.76, p < .0001) by random-effect model. The funnel plot was symmetrical, and either the Begg’s test (Z = 0.92, p=.360) or the Egger’s test (t = 0.04, p = .9700) suggested no publication bias among included studies. Sensitivity analysis indicated that the result was robust.Conclusion: Our meta-analysis indicated that prenatal smoking was associated with postpartum depression.
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Prenatal smoking is associated with an almost three-fold increased risk of postpartum depression (OR=2.88, 95% CI 0.99-8.39), with high heterogeneity and borderline significance.
“Additionally, four prospective studies of 3,736 pregnant women found that prenatal smoking was associated with an almost three-fold increased risk of postpartum depression (OR=2.88, 95% CI: 0.99-8.39), although with high heterogeneity (I²=89.3%) and effects breaching the threshold for statistical significance (p=0.052) 45 .”
From A meta-review of "lifestyle psychiatry": the role of exercise, smoking, diet and sleep in the prevention and treatment of mental disorders (2020) · cites this paper as [45]
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- Authors
- Chen, H.-L., Cai, J.-Y., Zha, M.-L., & Shen, W.-Q.
- Affiliations
- Nantong University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Shen, Wang-Qin
- Venue
- Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2018-03-08
- Volume
- 40
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 97-105
- ISSN
- 0167-482X (ISSN-L)
- 1743-8942
- OpenAlex
- W2792108055
- Cited by
- 58
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 2
- FWCI
- 1.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Maternal and Perinatal Health Interventions
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Maternal and Neonatal Healthcare
- Keywords
- maternal smoking, postpartum depression, smoking during pregnancy, maternal mental health, pregnancy
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Female, Humans, Smoking, Depression, Postpartum
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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