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Cited by 72Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and PostpartumMaternal and Neonatal HealthcareMaternal and Perinatal Health Interventions

Postpartum depression symptoms in survey-based research: a structural equation analysis

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Wan Mohamed Radzi, Che Wan Jasimah Bt, Salarzadeh Jenatabadi, Hashem, Samsudin, Nadia·2021·BMC Public Health
DOI 10.1186/s12889-020-09999-2PMC PMC7839191
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Abstract

Background: Since the last decade, postpartum depression (PPD) has been recognized as a significant public health problem, and several factors have been linked to PPD. Mothers at risk are rarely undetected and underdiagnosed. Our study aims to determine the factors leading to symptoms of depression using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) analysis. In this research, we introduced a new framework for postpartum depression modeling for women. Methods: We structured the model of this research to take into consideration the Malaysian culture in particular. A total of 387 postpartum women have completed the questionnaire. The symptoms of postpartum depression were examined using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), and they act as a dependent variable in this research model. Results: Four hundred fifty mothers were invited to participate in this research. 86% of the total distributed questionnaire received feedback. The majority of 79.6% of respondents were having depression symptoms. The highest coefficients of factor loading analysis obtained in every latent variable indicator were income (β = 0.77), screen time (β = 0.83), chips (β = 0.85), and anxiety (β = 0.88). Lifestyle, unhealthy food, and BMI variables were directly affected by the dependent variable. Based on the output, respondents with a high level of depression symptoms tended to consume more unhealthy food and had a high level of body mass indexes (BMI). The highest significant impact on depression level among postpartum women was unhealthy food consumption. Based on our model, the findings indicated that 76% of the variances stemmed from a variety of factors: socio-demographics, lifestyle, healthy food, unhealthy food, and BMI. The strength of the exogenous and endogenous variables in this research framework is strong. Conclusion: The prevalence of postpartum women with depression symptoms in this study is considerably high. It is, therefore, imperative that postpartum women seek medical help to prevent postpartum depressive symptoms from worsening.

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  • The onset of postpartum depression has been linked to a decline in the mother's self-esteem, a reduction in her abilities, a deterioration in the mother-infant relationship, an inability to care for the baby, and an inability to fulfill family responsibilities.

    “The onset of postpartum depression has been linked to a decline in the mother’s self-esteem, a reduction in her abilities, a deterioration in the mother-infant relationship, an inability to care for the baby, and an inability to fulfill family responsibilities [10].”

    From Understanding mothers’ lived experiences of postpartum depression: a qualitative phenomenological study (2025) · cites this paper as [10]

    The Background (page unavailable) says postpartum depression may decrease daily performance, and the Discussion (page unavailable) lists inability to cope among symptoms assessed in postpartum mothers. The paper does not link postpartum depression specifically to a decline in maternal self-esteem, deterioration of the mother–infant relationship, inability to care for the baby, or inability to fulfill family responsibilities. (LLM, conf=0.82)

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Wan Mohamed Radzi, C. W. J. B., Salarzadeh Jenatabadi, H., & Samsudin, N.
Affiliations
University of Malaya (MY)
ORCID
Samsudin, Nadia
Venue
BMC Public Health
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2021-01-27
Volume
21
Issue
1
Pages
27-27
ISSN
1471-2458 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1186/s12889-020-09999-2
PMC
PMC7839191
OpenAlex
W3123433209
Cited by
72
References
1
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 6
FWCI
8.39
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • BMC Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
Universiti Malaya (GPF066B-2018)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
  • Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Maternal and Neonatal Healthcare
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Maternal and Perinatal Health Interventions
Keywords
postpartum depression, postpartum women, risk factors for depression, unhealthy food consumption, body mass index, lifestyle, screen time, anxiety, income, sociodemographic factors, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale
MeSH terms
Depression, Female, Humans, Mothers, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Risk Factors, Depression, Postpartum, Postpartum Period

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