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The global component of freshwater demand and supply: an assessment of virtual water flows between nations as a result of trade in agricultural and industrial products
Abstract
Where the river basin is generally seen as the appropriate unit for analysing freshwater availability and use, this paper shows that it becomes increasingly important to put freshwater issues in a global context. International trade in commodities implies flows of ‘virtual water’ over large distances, where virtual water should be understood as the volume of water required to produce a commodity. Virtual water flows between nations have been estimated from statistics on international product trade and the virtual water content per product in the exporting country. With increasing globalization of trade, global water interdependencies and overseas externalities are likely to increase. At the same time liberalization of trade creates opportunities to increase physical water savings.
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Citations
Cites
Water footprints of nations: Water use by people as a function of their consumption pattern
Hoekstra, A. Y., & Chapagain, A. K. (2006) · Water Resources Management · doi:10.1007/s11269-006-9039-x · Cited by 1,458
Cited by
Ridoutt, B. G., & Pfister, S. (2010) · Global Environmental Change · doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2009.08.003 · Cited by 632
Climate Change and Water Scarcity: The Case of Saudi Arabia
DeNicola, E., Aburizaiza, O. S., Siddique, A., Siddique, A., Khwaja, H., & Carpenter, D. O. (2015) · Annals of Global Health · doi:10.1016/j.aogh.2015.08.005 · Cited by 367
Food management in tourism: Reducing tourism’s carbon ‘foodprint’
Gössling, S., Garrod, B., Aall, C., Hille, J., & Peeters, P. (2011) · Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2010.04.006 · Cited by 331
Fader, M., Gerten, D., Thammer, M., Heinke, J., Lotze-Campen, H., Lucht, W., & Cramer, W. (2011) · Hydrology and Earth System Sciences · doi:10.5194/hess-15-1641-2011 · Cited by 257
Miranda, M., Vega-Gálvez, A., Quispe-Fuentes, I., Rodríguez, M. J., Maureira, H., & Martínez, E. A. (2012) · Chilean journal of agricultural research · doi:10.4067/s0718-58392012000200002 · Cited by 121
Metadata
- Authors
- Chapagain, A. K., & Hoekstra, A. Y.
- Venue
- Water International
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2008-04-02
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 19-32
- ISSN
- 0250-8060 (ISSN-L)
- 1941-1707
- OpenAlex
- W2106298853
- Cited by
- 482
- References
- 1
- FWCI
- 22.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
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- Chapagain, A. K., & Hoekstra, A. Y. (2008). The global component of freshwater demand and supply: an assessment of virtual water flows between nations as a result of trade in agricultural and industrial products. Water International. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060801927812
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Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.