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Sleep of professional athletes: Underexploited potential to improve health and performance
Abstract
Sleep disorders have become increasingly prevalent affecting health and working ability. Restorative sleep may be considered important for athletes' successful recovery and performance. However, some athletes seem to experience major problems in sleeping. Thus far, there is limited scientific information about their sleep. This study aimed to evaluate the quality of sleep and the prevalence of sleep disorders as well as the impact of a structured sleep counselling protocol in professional athletes. A total of 107 professional ice hockey players participated in the study. The exploratory observational 1-year follow-up study consisted of questionnaire-based sleep assessment followed by general sleep counselling and, when needed, polysomnography and an individual treatment plan. One in every four players was found to have a significant problem in sleeping. All athletes considered sleep essential for their health and three in every four players considered that counselling would improve their performance. Counselling and individual treatment were found to improve significantly the quality of sleep with the mean alteration of 0.6 (95% CI 0.2-1.0, P = 0.004) in a scale from 0 to 10. Our results support that sleep problems are common in professional athletes. However, systematic examination, counselling and individual treatment planning can improve the quality of their sleep.
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“Assessment of the sleep patterns of professional male ice hockey players (n = 23) using polysomnography (PSG), demonstrated mean total sleep duration was 6.92 h; 95% CI 6.3–7.5 h [32].”
From Sleep and Nutrition Interactions: Implications for Athletes (2019) · cites this paper as [32]
In the citing paper
“Sleep disturbances and inadequate sleep duration have been reported in athletic populations.”
From Sleep and Nutrition Interactions: Implications for Athletes (2019) · cites this paper as [32]
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Yoda, I. K., Tisna, G. D., Suwiwa, I. G., Kusuma, K. C. A., & Marques, N. (2024) · Journal Sport Area · doi:10.25299/sportarea.2024.vol9(2).16928 · Cited by 7
“…has provided valuable insights into various methodologies ranging from traditional approaches such as rest and sleep (Lastella et al., 2019; Tuomilehto et al., 2017) to more contemporary techniques such as cryotherapy (Kwiecien et al., 2020; Wilson et al., 2018) and compression therapy…”
MethodJunge, A., van Rijn, R. M., Stubbe, J. H., & Hauschild, A. (2024) · Sports Medicine - Open · doi:10.1186/s40798-024-00798-2 · Cited by 5
Sleep and daytime sleepiness in elite athletes and sedentary individuals
Jemal, M., Trabelsi, K., Boukhris, O. F., Ammar, A., Clark, C. C. T., & Chtourou, H. (2021) · Science & Sports · doi:10.1016/j.scispo.2021.02.009 · Cited by 5
Apinis-Deshaies, A., Trempe, M., & Tremblay, J. (2023) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.2022-0256 · Cited by 4
Murphy, C. J., Saavedra, J. M., Ólafsson, D., Kristófersdóttir, K. H., Arnardóttir, E. S., & Kristjánsdóttir, H. (2024) · Sleep Health · doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2024.02.006 · Cited by 4
A systematic review on sleep-related breathing disorders in athletes and para-athletes
Gomes, A. M., Aibe, M. S., Boulos, M. I., & Furlan, J. C. (2025) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2025.106882 · Cited by 4
Sleep, nutrition, and supplements: Implications for athletes
Charest, J., & Grandner, M. A. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-822969-9.00002-x · Cited by 5
Complete sleep evaluation of top professional cross-country mountain bikers' athletes
Garbellotto, L., Petit, E., Brunet, E., GILLET, V., Bourdin, H., & Mougin, F. (2022) · The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness · doi:10.23736/s0022-4707.21.12059-6 · Cited by 4
Basics of sleep problems and sleep disorders for athletes and sport professionals
Bender, A. M., Lambing, K. A., & Singh, M. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-822969-9.00003-1 · Cited by 3
Barreira, J., Brito, J., Costa, J. A., & Figueiredo, P. (2023) · Science and Medicine in Football · doi:10.1080/24733938.2022.2163511 · Cited by 3
“…such periods on athletes’ sleep is well established (Sargent et al. 2014; Figueiredo et al. 2021; Lastella et al., 2015a; Lastella et al., 2015b), with reports of day-time fatigue (Sargent et al. 2014) and sleepiness (Swinbourne et al. 2016), and longer sleep-onset latency (Tuomilehto et al. 2017).”
BackgroundChronotype and quality of sleep in alpine skiers
Costa, M., & Re, M. (2023) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2023.2203236 · Cited by 3
Potential Prevalence, Pattern, and Risk Factors of Insomnia Symptoms in Adolescent Elite Athletes
Gerber, M., Kellmann, M., Lang, C., Brand, S., Gygax, B., Ludyga, S., Müller, C., Ramseyer, S., & Jakowski, S. (2022) · Zeitschrift für Sportpsychologie · doi:10.1026/1612-5010/a000366 · Cited by 4
ML-based Sleep Disorder Identification for Athletic Performance Enhancement Using Wearables
Shah, P., Gulati, S., Pathak, L., Gupta, R., & Tanwar, S. (2025) · IEEE International Students' Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Science (SCEECS) · doi:10.1109/sceecs64059.2025.10940765 · Cited by 2
“According to the authors in [6], a large-scale survey of sleep disorders in 107 professional ice hockey players was conducted, and the effects of structured sleep counselling were investigated.”
Impact of extreme physical exercise (28 consecutive marathons) on sleep time and structure
Buela‐Casal, G., Herrera, N. R., Guillén‐Riquelme, A., Tarragón, E., Zamarrón, C., & Gaude-Sampedro, F. (2025) · International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.ijchp.2025.100586 · Cited by 3
“Several studies have provided information about the sleep quality of athletes during competition through subjective and objective measures (Hausswirth et al., 2014; Kishi et al., 2024; Knufinke et al., 2018; Martin et al., 2018; Sargent et al., 2016; Tuomilehto et al., 2016).”
Singh, M., Workings, M., Drake, C. L., & Roth, T. G. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-69384-8_17 · Cited by 2
Understanding the sleep of ultra-marathon swimmers: Guidance for coaches and swimmers
Dunican, I. C., Perry, E. L., Maisey, G., Nesci, E., & Roberts, S. (2022) · International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching · doi:10.1177/17479541221089385 · Cited by 2
“In other athletic studies, the prevalence of OSA varies from 24%(10) to up to 45%(30) in rugby players, American football and Ice hockey.(31) We found the prevalence of OSA to significantly impacted Total Sleep Time with those with “high risk” of OSA spending an additional 21 min awake each night, and having a 5% lowe…”
BackgroundSleep and Mental Health in Athletes
Kim, K. N., Emert, S. E., Huskey, A., & Taylor, D. J. (2022) · Current Sleep Medicine Reports · doi:10.1007/s40675-022-00240-7 · Cited by 3
Sleep and athletic performance
Kutscher, S. J. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-65403-6.00024-x · Cited by 2
Kalpana, K., Hussain, E., Bhati, P., Vatsala, S., & Khanna, G. L. (2022) · Sleep and Vigilance · doi:10.1007/s41782-022-00206-3 · Cited by 2
“[8] Sleep inadequacies, such as poor sleep quality [9], insufficient sleep [10], daytime sleepiness [9, 11], sleep disturbance [9], longer sleep latency [12], and greater sleep fragmentation [13], are prevalent among athletic population.”
BackgroundQualidade do sono de atletas profissionais: uma revisão de literatura
Santana, C. A. D. A., Carballo, F. P., Libânio, F. G. T., Silva, A. C. S. C., & da Silva, L. A. (2022) · Research Society and Development · doi:10.33448/rsd-v11i17.39392 · Cited by 2
Sleep problems in athletes: Prevalence and causes
Brauer, A. A. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-822969-9.00011-0 · Cited by 1
Sleep Patterns Alterations in Professional Tennis Players
Marazziti, D., Gemignani, A., Parra, E., Gurrieri, R., Alfì, G., Aquino, G., Miniati, M., & Palagini, L. (2025) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.70085 · Cited by 2
Sleep health and sleep disorders in Swiss elite athletes
Vorster, A. P. A., Schmid, M. J., & Erlacher, D. (2026) · Discover Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s44192-026-00446-z · Cited by 2
“Secondly, those experiencing sleep problems may have been more inclined to participate, potentially overestimating prevalence—though our findings are consistent with previous studies [15, 28, 32, 33].”
Sleep and Sleep Disorders in Elite Athletes
Mikutta, C. A., Wyssen, A., & Müller, T. J. J. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-36864-6_5 · Cited by 2
Basics of sleep–wake physiology for athletes and sports professionals
Kennedy, K. E. R., Ghani, S. B., Mason, B., Hansen, E. T., & Grandner, M. A. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-822969-9.00007-9 · Cited by 2
Salem, A., Trabelsi, K., Boujelbane, M. A., Belgacem, A., Kerkeni, M., Kerkeni, M., Boukhris, O. F., Jahrami, H., Glenn, J. M., Ammar, A., et al. (2024) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.150977.1 · Cited by 1
Sleeping to perform: examining sleep and exercise in elite female athletes
O’Donnell, S. (2018) · Research Commons (University of Waikato)
Schlaf von Athletinnen und Athleten
Erlacher, D. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-58132-2_8
Korabelnikova, E. A. (2020) · Medical alphabet · doi:10.33667/2078-5631-2020-22-30-34
[Soluble vascular adhesion-1 molecule in Sneddon syndrome: clinical and prognostic value].
Kalashnikova, L. A., Aleksandrova, E. N., Samsonov, M. I., Добрынина, Л. А., Novikov, A. A., Amirov, M. K., & Nasonov, E. L. (2002) · PubMed
Perfil del patrón de sueño en deportistas universitarios
Vargas, P. C., & Moncada‐Jiménez, J. (2021) · Cuerpo Cultura y Movimiento · doi:10.15332/2422474x.6469
“…anteriores, sugiriendo que los deportistas tienden a mostrar patrones de sueño menos eficientes que las personas que no practican deporte competitivo y que los atletas tienden a presentar problemas de sueño (Tuomilehto et ál., 2017; Leeder et ál., 2012; Sargent et ál., 2014; Walsh et ál., 2019).”
BackgroundSleep Behavior Among Student Athletes
Ahmad, Z., & Zawi, M. K. (2022) · Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH) · doi:10.47405/mjssh.v7i3.1394
“Positive sleep behaviors will contribute to good achievement performance among student athletes by looking at the level of involvement involved by the student athletes (Henri et al., 2016).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Tuomilehto, H., Vuorinen, V.-P., Penttilä, E., Kivimäki, M., Vuorenmaa, M., Venojärvi, M., Airaksinen, O., & Pihlajamäki, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Eastern Finland (FI)
- Kuopio University Hospital (FI)
- Corresponding author
- Tuomilehto, Henri
- Venue
- Journal of Sports Sciences
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2016-05-13
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 704-710
- ISSN
- 0264-0414 (ISSN-L)
- 1466-447X
- OpenAlex
- W2381032701
- Cited by
- 114
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 5
- FWCI
- 14.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Sports Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Obstructive Sleep Apnea Research
- Keywords
- sleep quality, sleep disorders, professional athletes, ice hockey players, athletic performance, recovery, prevalence of sleep problems
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Attitude, Counseling, Follow-Up Studies, Health Education, Health Promotion, Hockey, Humans, Male, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sleep, Sleep Wake Disorders, Prevalence, Polysomnography, Athletic Performance, Young Adult, Athletes
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