Sleep in elite athletes and nutritional interventions to enhance sleep
Open accessAbstract
Sleep has numerous important physiological and cognitive functions that may be particularly important to elite athletes. Recent evidence, as well as anecdotal information, suggests that athletes may experience a reduced quality and/or quantity of sleep. Sleep deprivation can have significant effects on athletic performance, especially submaximal, prolonged exercise. Compromised sleep may also influence learning, memory, cognition, pain perception, immunity and inflammation. Furthermore, changes in glucose metabolism and neuroendocrine function as a result of chronic, partial sleep deprivation may result in alterations in carbohydrate metabolism, appetite, food intake and protein synthesis. These factors can ultimately have a negative influence on an athlete's nutritional, metabolic and endocrine status and hence potentially reduce athletic performance. Research has identified a number of neurotransmitters associated with the sleep-wake cycle. These include serotonin, gamma-aminobutyric acid, orexin, melanin-concentrating hormone, cholinergic, galanin, noradrenaline, and histamine. Therefore, nutritional interventions that may act on these neurotransmitters in the brain may also influence sleep. Carbohydrate, tryptophan, valerian, melatonin and other nutritional interventions have been investigated as possible sleep inducers and represent promising potential interventions. In this review, the factors influencing sleep quality and quantity in athletic populations are examined and the potential impact of nutritional interventions is considered. While there is some research investigating the effects of nutritional interventions on sleep, future research may highlight the importance of nutritional and dietary interventions to enhance sleep.
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Sleep deprivation adversely affects glucose metabolism and neuroendocrine function, which can affect carbohydrate metabolism, appetite, energy intake and protein synthesis.
“Sleep deprivation adversely affects glucose metabolism and neuroendocrine function which can affect carbohydrate metabolism, appetite, energy intake and protein synthesis [1].”
From Sleep and Nutrition Interactions: Implications for Athletes (2019) · cites this paper as [1]
Sleep deprivation factors may negatively impact an athlete's nutritional, metabolic and endocrine status, impacting athletic performance and recovery.
“These factors may negatively impact an athlete’s nutritional, metabolic and endocrine status impacting athletic performance and recovery [1], (e.g., impaired glucose metabolism could reduce glycogen repletion while impaired protein synthesis could reduce recovery and adaptation from training).”
From Sleep and Nutrition Interactions: Implications for Athletes (2019) · cites this paper as [1]
Sleep has a pivotal role in performance, training adaptations and recovery.
“Sleep also has a pivotal role to play in performance, training adaptations and recovery [1,18].”
From Sleep and Nutrition Interactions: Implications for Athletes (2019) · cites this paper as [1]
Tryptophan is transported across the blood brain barrier by a system that shares transporters with several large neutral amino acids (LNAA).
“Tryptophan is transported across the blood brain barrier by a system that shares transporters with several large neutral amino acids (LNAA) [1].”
From Sleep and Nutrition Interactions: Implications for Athletes (2019) · cites this paper as [1]
Tryptophan is an essential amino acid that is a precursor to serotonin and melatonin, and can cross the blood-brain barrier by competing for transport with other LNAA.
“Tryptophan is an essential amino acid that is a precursor to serotonin and melatonin, which can cross the blood-brain barrier by competing for transport with other LNAA [1].”
From Sleep and Nutrition Interactions: Implications for Athletes (2019) · cites this paper as [1]
Dietary precursors can influence the rate of synthesis and function of neurotransmitters, e.g., serotonin synthesis is dependent on the availability of its precursor tryptophan in the brain.
“Dietary precursors can influence the rate of synthesis and function of neurotransmitters (e.g., serotonin synthesis is dependent on the availability of its precursor tryptophan in the brain) [1].”
From Sleep and Nutrition Interactions: Implications for Athletes (2019) · cites this paper as [1]
Conversion to serotonin is dependent on sufficient precursor availability in the brain; an increase in brain tryptophan occurs when the ratio of free tryptophan to branched chain amino acids increases; following tryptophan conversion to serotonin, melatonin is produced.
“Conversion to serotonin is dependent on sufficient precursor availability in the brain, an increase in brain tryptophan occurs when the ratio of free tryptophan to branched chain amino acids increases, following tryptophan conversion to serotonin, melatonin is produced [1].”
From Sleep and Nutrition Interactions: Implications for Athletes (2019) · cites this paper as [1]
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Louis, J., Marquet, L.-A., Tiollier, E., Bermon, S., Hausswirth, C., & Brisswalter, J. (2016) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-016-3446-3 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Wennman, H., Kronholm, E., Heinonen, O. J., Kujala, U. M., Kaprio, J., Partonen, T., Bäckmand, H., Sarna, S., & Borodulin, K. (2017) · Progress in Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1097/pp9.0000000000000009 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
- Authors
- Halson, S. L.
- Corresponding author
- Halson, Shona L.
- ORCID
- Halson, Shona L.
- Venue
- Sports Medicine
- Published
- 2014-05
- Volume
- 44
- Issue
- S1
- Pages
- 13-23
- ISSN
- 0112-1642 (ISSN-L)
- 1179-2035
- PMC
- PMC4008810
- OpenAlex
- W2016235882
- Cited by
- 502
- References
- 75
- Citations by year
- 2026: 52 · 2025: 58 · 2024: 43 · 2023: 58 · 2022: 46 · 2021: 40 · 2020: 44 · 2019: 42 · 2018: 43 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 31 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 2
- FWCI
- 3.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Sports Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Bank (Australian Catholic University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- PepsiCo
- Gran Sasso Science Institute
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Keywords
- sleep quality, elite athletes, sleep deprivation, athletic performance, dietary intervention, tryptophan, melatonin, Valeriana officinalis, carbohydrate intake, serotonin, GABA, orexin, carbohydrate metabolism, appetite, protein synthesis, neuroendocrine function
- MeSH terms
- Blood Glucose, Cognition, Diet, Endocrine System, Humans, Immunity, Inflammation, Insulin, Sleep, Sleep Deprivation, Athletic Performance, Pain Perception, Sports Nutritional Physiological Phenomena
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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