The DOI matches its Crossref record; 43 of the 43 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The assessment of parent-to-infant attachment: Development of a self-report questionnaire instrument
Abstract
In most research involving maternal infant attachment, the attachment construct has been assessed by behavioural observation. The problems inherent in this approach, including its high cost and labour-intensive nature, are briefly reviewed. It is suggested that the behavioural approach could be usefully complemented by enquiry into the mother's subjective experiences towards her infant. The development of a 19 item self-report questionnaire to assess mother-to-infant attachment is described. Using a sample of approximately 200 women assessed at 4 weeks, 4 months and 8 months postnatally, the psychometric properties of the instrument are presented. Acceptable levels of internal consistency and test-retest reliability were found. The factor structure of the questionnaire revealed four factors which accounted for approximately 40% of the variance in attachment scores: pleasure in proximity, acceptance, tolerance, and competence as parent. Evidence supporting the construct validity of the questionnaire is presented. Use of the questionnaire approach enables the use of much larger samples of mother-infant dyads, and thus provides a potential avenue for future exploration of the determinants of attachment (or detachment). The criterion validity of the instrument has yet to be established by comparison with behavioural measures.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“By contrast, the MPAS is a 19-item scale, with Likert response options assessing frequency, intensity, and nature of emotions and cognitions relating to the mother’s subjective emotional bond to her infant.”
From Associations between maternal psychological distress and mother-infant bonding: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2023) · cites this paper as Condon and Corkindale, 1998
In the citing paper
“In particular, prenatal attachment, defined as the emotional bond experienced by the parent toward the infant (54), seems to play a very important role in PPD, given that it involves the maternal disposition toward fetus and a protection attitude toward baby (55, 56).”
From A Comprehensive Analysis of Post-partum Depression Risk Factors: The Role of Socio-Demographic, Individual, Relational, and Delivery Characteristics (2019) · cites this paper as [54]
Citations
Cites
The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale
Zigmond, A. S., & Snaith, R. P. (1983) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x · Cited by 47,139
(1969) · Cited by 18,340
A self-rating depression scale
ZUNG, W. W. K. (1965) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1965.01720310065008 · Cited by 9,813
Attachment and Loss. Vol. 1. Attachment
Rever, G. W. (1972) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-197211000-00011 · Cited by 8,446
Security in Infancy, Childhood, and Adulthood: A Move to the Level of Representation
Main, M., Kaplan, N., & Cassidy, J. (1985) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.2307/3333827 · Cited by 4,567
Assessing social support: The Social Support Questionnaire.
Sarason, I. G., Levine, H. M., Basham, R. B., & Sarason, B. R. (1983) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.44.1.127 · Cited by 3,067
Attachment as an Organizational Construct
Sroufe, L. A., & Waters, E. (1977) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1128475 · Cited by 1,690
The Social Desirability Variable in Personality Assessment and Research.
Sprott, D. A., & Edwards, A. L. (1959) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2282171 · Cited by 1,495
Object relations, dependency, and attachment: a theoretical review of the infant-mother relationship
Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1969) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1127008 · Cited by 1,461
Maternal Depression and Child Development
Cummings, E. M., & Davies, P. T. (1994) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1994.tb01133.x · Cited by 1,336
ON THE METHODS AND THEORY OF RELIABILITY
Bartko, J. J., & Carpenter, W. T. (1976) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-197611000-00003 · Cited by 1,302
The Social Desirability Variable in Personality Assessment and Research
Barry, R. M., & Edwards, A. L. (1958) · The American Catholic Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/3709409 · Cited by 1,262
Growing points of attachment theory and research
Bretherton, I., & Waters, E. (1985) · Cited by 1,212
Measurement of Infant Difficultness
Bates, J. E., Freeland, C. A. B., & Lounsbury, M. L. (1979) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1128946 · Cited by 1,112
The Impact of Postnatal Depression on Infant Development
Murray, L. (1992) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1992.tb00890.x · Cited by 1,089
Introduction to Psychological Measurement
Nunnally, J. C. (1970) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,070
Handbook of Infant Development.
Lilleskov, R. K. (1983) · Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association · doi:10.1177/000306518303100327 · Cited by 1,053
The assessment of antenatal emotional attachment: Development of a questionnaire instrument
Condon, J. T. (1993) · British Journal of Medical Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8341.1993.tb01739.x · Cited by 596
Self-citationParental attitudes toward child rearing: Instruments, issues, and implications.
Holden, G. W., & Edwards, L. A. (1989) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.106.1.29 · Cited by 432
Brockington, I., & Kumar, R. (1982) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 424
Harlow, H. F., & Harlow, M. (1966) · PubMed · Cited by 393
Measurement and Reliability: Statistical Thinking Considerations
Bartko, J. J. (1991) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/17.3.483 · Cited by 316
A Questionnaire to Measure Mother-to-Infant Attachment
Müller, M. E. (1994) · Journal of Nursing Measurement · doi:10.1891/1061-3749.2.2.129 · Cited by 285
New perspectives on attachment relations: Security, communication, and internal working models.
Bretherton, I. (1987) · Cited by 278
Bugental, D. B., Shennum, W. A., & Shaver, P. R. (1984) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.2307/1165910 · Cited by 265
Parents' Attributions for Their Children's Behavior
Miller, S. A. (1995) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1995.tb00952.x · Cited by 256
Hinde, R. A. (1976) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1976.tb00370.x · Cited by 216
The development of a measure of intimate bonds
Wilhelm, K. A., & Parker, G. B. (1988) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291700002051 · Cited by 206
Patten, M. (2016) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315265858-15 · Cited by 180
Postpartum Depressed Mothers' Experiences Interacting With Their Children
Beck, C. T. (1996) · Nursing Research · doi:10.1097/00006199-199603000-00008 · Cited by 162
Parents' Attributions for Their Children's Behavior
Miller, S. A. (1995) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1131897 · Cited by 137
Miller, S. A., Manhal, M., & Mee, L. L. (1991) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.27.2.267 · Cited by 128
Social cognitions as organizers of autonomic and affective responses to social challenge.
Bugental, D. B., Blue, J., Cortez, V. L., Fleck, K., & al, E. (1993) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.64.1.94 · Cited by 99
The study of human infant attachment: A procedural critique.
Masters, J. C., & Wellman, H. M. (1974) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0036184 · Cited by 87
Social cognitions as organizers of autonomic and affective responses to social challenge.
Bugental, D. B., Blue, J., Cortez, V. L., Fleck, K., Kopeikin, H. S., Lewis, J. C., & Lyon, J. E. (1993) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.64.1.94 · Cited by 80
Tests and Measurements: Assessment and Prediction
Wrightsman, L. S., & Nunnally, J. C. (1960) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1419923 · Cited by 77
Beliefs about Children: A Comparative Study of Mothers, Teachers, Peers, and Self
Miller, S. A., & Davis, T. L. (1992) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1992.tb01693.x · Cited by 74
Management of established pathological grief reaction after stillbirth
(1986) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.143.8.987 · Cited by 70
Self-citationMeasurement of parental acceptance of children.
Porter, B. M. (1954) · Journal of home economics · Cited by 61
Definition and Specification of Meaning
Kaplan, A. (1946) · The Journal of Philosophy · doi:10.2307/2019221 · Cited by 45
Interpersonal relationships - in quest of a science
Hinde, R. A. (1978) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291700016056 · Cited by 43
Nature and Determinants of Parent-to-Infant Attachment in the Early Postnatal Period
Condon, J. T., & DUNN, D. J. (1988) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-198805000-00005 · Cited by 39
Self-citationBeliefs about Children: A Comparative Study of Mothers, Teachers, Peers, and Self
Miller, S. A., & Davis, T. L. (1992) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1131531 · Cited by 36
Research works printed but not linked: 12
- Ainsworth M. D. S., 1982, The Place of Attachment in Human Behaviour
- Dunn j. B., 1977, Studies in Mother-Infant Interaction
- Emde R. N., 1980, Parent-Infant Relationship
- Harlow H. F., 1965, American Scientist, 54, 171
- Hutley J. R., 1965, Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 11, 19
- Marris P., 1982, The Place of Attachment in Human Behaviour
- McNair D. M., 1981, Manual: Profile of Mood States
- Meares R., 1977, The Pursuit of Intimacy: an approach to psychotherapy
- Nunnally J. C., 1978, Psychometric Theory
- Porter B. M., 1954, Journal of Home Economics, 46, 176
- 10.1037/0022-3514.44.1.127 · DOI · Paper page
- Sluckin W., 1983, Maternal Bonding
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Pregnancy leads to long-lasting changes in human brain structure
Hoekzema, E., Barba-Müller, E., Pozzobon, C., Picado, M., Lucco, F., García-García, D., Soliva, J. C., Tobeña, A., Desco, M., Crone, E. A., et al. (2017) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.4458 · Cited by 788
Condon, J. T., Boyce, P. M., & Corkindale, C. J. (2004) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1614.2004.01298.x · Cited by 451
Self-citationDubber, S., Reck, C., Müller, M., & Gawlik, S. (2015) · Archives of Women's Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-014-0445-4 · Cited by 400
Hammarberg, K., Fisher, J., & Wynter, K. H. (2008) · Human Reproduction Update · doi:10.1093/humupd/dmn030 · Cited by 271
QUIGLEY, M. A., Hockley, C., Carson, C., Kelly, Y. J., Renfrew, M. J., & Sacker, A. (2011) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2011.06.035 · Cited by 249
Metadata
- Authors
- Condon, J. T., & Corkindale, C. J.
- Affiliations
- Flinders Medical Centre (AU)
- ORCID
- Condon, John T.
- Venue
- Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 1998-02
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 57-76
- ISSN
- 0264-6838 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-672X
- OpenAlex
- W1985731040
- Cited by
- 546
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 42 · 2025: 47 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 47 · 2022: 45 · 2021: 47 · 2020: 41 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 0.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
- Keywords
- parent-infant attachment, maternal attachment, self-report questionnaire, questionnaire development, psychometric properties, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, factor structure, acceptance, tolerance, parenting skills, mother-infant dyads
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review