Pregnancy leads to long-lasting changes in human brain structure
Open accessAbstract
Pregnancy involves radical hormone surges and biological adaptations. However, the effects of pregnancy on the human brain are virtually unknown. Here we show, using a prospective ('pre'-'post' pregnancy) study involving first-time mothers and fathers and nulliparous control groups, that pregnancy renders substantial changes in brain structure, primarily reductions in gray matter (GM) volume in regions subserving social cognition. The changes were selective for the mothers and highly consistent, correctly classifying all women as having undergone pregnancy or not in-between sessions. Interestingly, the volume reductions showed a substantial overlap with brain regions responding to the women's babies postpartum. Furthermore, the GM volume changes of pregnancy predicted measures of postpartum maternal attachment, suggestive of an adaptive process serving the transition into motherhood. Another follow-up session showed that the GM reductions endured for at least 2 years post-pregnancy. Our data provide the first evidence that pregnancy confers long-lasting changes in a woman's brain.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In mothers, reductions in grey matter volume in brain areas related to parenting have been observed from before to after pregnancy, while no such changes have been apparent in fathers.
“In mothers, reductions in grey matter volume in brain areas related to parenting have been observed from before to after pregnancy, while no such changes have been apparent in fathers (Hoekzema et al., 2016).”
From Birth of a Father: Fathering in the First 1,000 Days (2019) · cites this paper as Hoekzema et al., 2016
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
(1998) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · Cited by 19,139 · see citing works
Detection of Postnatal Depression: Development of the 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale
Cox, J. L., Holden, J. M., & Sagovsky, R. (1987) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.150.6.782 · Cited by 14,183 · see citing works
Desikan, R. S., Ségonne, F., Fischl, B., Quinn, B. T., Dickerson, B. C., Blacker, D., Buckner, R. L., Dale, A. M., Maguire, R. P., Hyman, B. T., et al. (2006) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.01.021 · Cited by 13,324 · see citing works
Cortical Surface-Based Analysis
Dale, A. M., Fischl, B., & Sereno, M. I. (1999) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.1998.0395 · Cited by 10,910 · see citing works
(1998) · PubMed · Cited by 10,216 · see citing works
The organization of the human cerebral cortex estimated by intrinsic functional connectivity
Thomas Yeo, B. T., Krienen, F. M., Sepulcre, J., Sabuncu, M. R., Lashkari, D., Hollinshead, M., Roffman, J. L., Smoller, J. W., Zöllei, L., Polimeni, J. R., et al. (2011) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00338.2011 · Cited by 9,182 · see citing works
Voxel-Based Morphometry—The Methods
Ashburner, J., & Friston, K. J. (2000) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2000.0582 · Cited by 8,676 · see citing works
A fast diffeomorphic image registration algorithm
Ashburner, J. (2007) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.07.007 · Cited by 8,122 · see citing works
Ashburner, J., & Friston, K. J. (2005) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.02.018 · Cited by 7,507 · see citing works
The organization of the human cerebellum estimated by intrinsic functional connectivity
Buckner, R. L., Krienen, F. M., Castellanos, A., Diaz, J. C., & Yeo, B. T. T. (2011) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00339.2011 · Cited by 7,304 · see citing works
Kernel Methods for Pattern Analysis
Shawe-Taylor, J. S., & Cristianini, N. (2004) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511809682 · Cited by 6,610 · see citing works
Cortical Surface-Based Analysis
Fischl, B., Sereno, M. I., & Dale, A. M. (1999) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.1998.0396 · Cited by 6,147 · see citing works
(1980) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 4,712 · see citing works
Within-subject template estimation for unbiased longitudinal image analysis
Reuter, M., Schmansky, N. J., Rosas, H. D., & Fischl, B. (2012) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.02.084 · Cited by 2,356 · see citing works
The social brain in adolescence
Blakemore, S.-J. (2008) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2353 · Cited by 1,896 · see citing works
Fractionating theory of mind: a meta-analysis of functional brain imaging studies
Schurz, M., Radua, J., Aichhorn, M., Richlan, F., & Perner, J. (2014) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.01.009 · Cited by 1,656 · see citing works
Assessing Adolescent and Adult Intelligence
Kaufman, A. S. (1990) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,110 · see citing works
The neural basis of puberty and adolescence
Sisk, C. L., & Foster, D. L. (2004) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1326 · Cited by 1,085 · see citing works
Pubertal hormones organize the adolescent brain and behavior
Sisk, C. L., & Zehr, J. L. (2005) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2005.10.003 · Cited by 1,082 · see citing works
Meins, E., Fernyhough, C., Fradley, E., & Tuckey, M. R. (2001) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00759 · Cited by 799 · see citing works
Simerly, R. B. (2002) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.25.112701.142745 · Cited by 723 · see citing works
Raznahan, A., Shaw, P., Lalonde, F., Stockman, M., Wallace, G. L., Greenstein, D., Clasen, L., Gogtay, N., & Giedd, J. N. (2011) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0054-11.2011 · Cited by 712 · see citing works
Changes with age in the level and duration of fertility in the menstrual cycle
Dunson, D. B. (2002) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/17.5.1399 · Cited by 577 · see citing works
The assessment of parent-to-infant attachment: Development of a self-report questionnaire instrument
Condon, J. T., & Corkindale, C. J. (1998) · Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology · doi:10.1080/02646839808404558 · Cited by 546 · see citing works
Avoiding asymmetry-induced bias in longitudinal image processing
Reuter, M., & Fischl, B. R. (2011) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.02.076 · Cited by 480 · see citing works
Kim, P., Leckman, J. F., Mayes, L. C., Feldman, R., Wang, X., & Swain, J. E. (2010) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/a0020884 · Cited by 440 · see citing works
PRoNTo: Pattern Recognition for Neuroimaging Toolbox
Schrouff, J., Rosa, M. J., Rondina, J. M., Marquand, A. F., Chu, C., Ashburner, J., Phillips, C. L. M., Richiardi, J., & Mourão-Miranda, J. (2013) · Neuroinformatics · doi:10.1007/s12021-013-9178-1 · Cited by 424 · see citing works
Anatomical Variations in the Pituitary Gland and Adjacent Structures in 225 Human Autopsy Cases
Bergland, R. M., Ray, B. S., & Torack, R. M. (1968) · Journal of neurosurgery · doi:10.3171/jns.1968.28.2.0093 · Cited by 414 · see citing works
The expectant brain: adapting for motherhood
Brunton, P. J., & Russell, J. A. (2008) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2280 · Cited by 407 · see citing works
Dynamic Development of Regional Cortical Thickness and Surface Area in Early Childhood
Lyall, A. E., Shi, F., Geng, X., Woolson, S., Li, G., Wang, L., Hamer, R. M., Shen, D., & Gilmore, J. H. (2015) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhu027 · Cited by 376 · see citing works
Symmetric Diffeomorphic Modeling of Longitudinal Structural MRI
Ashburner, J., & Ridgway, G. (2013) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2012.00197 · Cited by 350 · see citing works
Permutation Tests for Classification: Towards Statistical Significance in Image-Based Studies
Golland, P., & Fischl, B. R. (2003) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-45087-0_28 · Cited by 347 · see citing works
Ten ironic rules for non-statistical reviewers
Friston, K. J. (2012) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.04.018 · Cited by 347 · see citing works
Pituitary gland growth during normal pregnancy: An in Vivo study using magnetic resonance imaging
GONZALEZ, J., Elizondo, G., Saldivar, D., Náñez-Terreros, H., Todd, L. E., & Villarreal, J. Z. (1988) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0002-9343(88)80346-2 · Cited by 330 · see citing works
Toffoletto, S., Lanzenberger, R., Gingnell, M., Sundström-Poromaa, I., & Comasco, E. (2014) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.07.025 · Cited by 316 · see citing works
Swain, J. E., Kim, P., Spicer, J., Ho, S. S., Dayton, C. J., Elmadih, A., & Abel, K. M. (2014) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2014.03.007 · Cited by 290 · see citing works
Sex steroids and brain structure in pubertal boys and girls
Peper, J. S., Brouwer, R. M., Schnack, H. G., van Baal, G. C. M., van Leeuwen, M., van den Berg, S. M., de Waal, H. A. D., Boomsma, D. I., Kahn, R. S., & Pol, H. E. H. (2008) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.09.012 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
Distributional assumptions in voxel-based morphometry
Salmond, C. H., Ashburner, J., Vargha-Khadem, F., Connelly, A., Gadian, D. G., & Friston, K. J. (2002) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2002.1153 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
A review of the impact of pregnancy on memory function
Henry, J. D., & Rendell, P. G. (2007) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803390701612209 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Kinsley, C. H., Trainer, R., Stafisso-Sandoz, G., Quadros, P. S., Keyser‐Marcus, L., Hearon, C., Meyer, E. A. A., Hester, N. W., Morgan, M. D., & Kozub, F. J. (2005) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2005.05.017 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Change in brain size during and after pregnancy: study in healthy women and women with preeclampsia.
Oatridge, A., Holdcroft, A., Saeed, N., Hajnal, J. V., Puri, B. K., Fusi, L., & Bydder, G. M. (2002) · PubMed Central · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Reproductive experience alters hippocampal neurogenesis during the postpartum period in the dam
Pawluski, J. L., & Galea, L. A. M. (2007) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.07.031 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Sex steroids and brain structure in pubertal boys and girls: a mini-review of neuroimaging studies
Peper, J. S., Pol, H. E. H., Crone, E. A., & van Honk, J. (2011) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.02.014 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Self-citationMacbeth, A. H., & Luine, V. N. (2009) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.08.011 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Regeur, L., Jensen, G. B., Pakkenberg, H., Evans, S. M., & Pakkenberg, B. (1994) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/0197-4580(94)90030-2 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
A longitudinal study: changes in cortical thickness and surface area during pubertal maturation
Herting, M. M., Gautam, P., Spielberg, J. M., Dahl, R. E., & Sowell, E. R. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0119774 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Spatial Working Memory and Hippocampal Size across Pregnancy in Rats
Galea, L. A. M., Ormerod, B. K., Sampath, S., Kostaras, X., Wilkie, D. M., & Phelps, M. T. (2000) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1006/hbeh.1999.1560 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Pearson, R. M., Lightman, S. L., & Evans, J. (2009) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2009.09.013 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Neuroplasticity in the maternal hippocampus: Relation to cognition and effects of repeated stress
Pawluski, J. L., Lambert, K. G., & Kinsley, C. H. (2015) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.06.004 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Validity of modulation and optimal settings for advanced voxel-based morphometry
Raduà, J., Canales-Rodríguez, E. J., Pomarol-Clotet, E., & Salvador, R. (2014) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.07.084 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Giving birth to a new brain: hormone exposures of pregnancy influence human memory
Glynn, L. M. (2010) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.01.015 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
The maternal brain: an organ with peripartal plasticity
Hillerer, K. M., Jacobs, V. R., Fischer, T., & Aigner, L. (2014) · Neural Plasticity · doi:10.1155/2014/574159 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Cognitive Reorganization during Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period: An Evolutionary Perspective
Anderson, M. V., & Rutherford, M. D. (2012) · Evolutionary Psychology · doi:10.1177/147470491201000402 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Cognition in pregnancy and motherhood: prospective cohort study
Christensen, H. M., Leach, L., & Mackinnon, A. J. (2010) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.109.068635 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Nygaard, G. O., Walhovd, K. B., Sowa, P., Chepkoech, J., Bjørnerud, A., Due‐Tønnessen, P., Landrø, N. I., Damangir, S., Spulber, G., Storsve, A. B., et al. (2014) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/1352458514543811 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Chapter 22 Pregnancy and postpartum: changes in cognition and mood
Buckwalter, J. G., Buckwalter, D. K., Bluestein, B. W., & Stanczyk, F. Z. (2001) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(01)33023-6 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Altered prefrontal cortical function during processing of fear-relevant stimuli in pregnancy
Roos, A., Robertson, F. C., Löchner, C., Vythilingum, B., & Stein, D. J. (2011) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2011.03.055 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Barha, C. K., Lieblich, S. E., Chow, C., & Galea, L. A. M. (2015) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.04.007 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Kinsley, C. H., & Amory, E. (2011) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2826.2011.02194.x · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Functional and molecular neuroimaging of menopause and hormone replacement therapy
Comasco, E., Frøkjær, V. G., & Poromaa, I. S. (2014) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2014.00388 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Estrogen: effects on normal brain function and neuropsychiatric disorders
Craig, M., & Murphy, D. (2007) · Climacteric · doi:10.1080/13697130701598746 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Pituitary Volume in Pediatric Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
MacMaster, F. P., Russell, A., Mirza, Y., Keshavan, M. S., Banerjee, S. P., Bhandari, R. P., Boyd, C. C., Lynch, M. A., Rose, M., Ivey, J., et al. (2005) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.06.028 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Pawluski, J. L., Császár, E., Savage, E., Martínez-Claros, M., Steinbusch, H. W. M., & van den Hove, D. (2015) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.01.048 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Pawluski, J. L., Valença, A., Santos, A. I., Costa-Nunes, J. P., Steinbusch, H. W. M., & Strekalova, T. V. (2012) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.09.059 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Lactation‐induced reduction in hippocampal neurogenesis is reversed by repeated stress exposure
Hillerer, K. M., Neumann, I. D., Couillard‐Després, S., Aigner, L., & Slattery, D. A. (2014) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.22258 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Cerebral atrophy in AIDS: a stereological study
OSTER, S., Christoffersen, P., Gundersen, H. J. G., Nielsen, J. O., Pakkenberg, B., & Pedersen, C. (1993) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/bf00334671 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Selective and persistent effect of foetal sex on cognition in pregnant women
Vanston, C. M., & Watson, N. V. (2005) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-200505120-00024 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy in pre-eclampsia: evidence of cerebral ischaemia
Rutherford, J. M., Moody, A. R., Crawshaw, S., & Rubin, P. C. (2003) · BJOG An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1046/j.1471-0528.2003.00416.x · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Recognition of Novel Faces after Single Exposure is Enhanced during Pregnancy
Anderson, M. V., & Rutherford, M. D. (2011) · Evolutionary Psychology · doi:10.1177/147470491100900107 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Reproductive Experience may Positively Adjust the Trajectory of Senescence
Kinsley, C. H., Franssen, R. A., & Meyer, E. A. (2011) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2011_123 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Holdcroft, A., Hall, L., Hamilton, G., Counsell, S. J., Bydder, G. M., & Bell, J. D. (2005) · PubMed Central · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Sex Steroid Hormone Determination of the Maternal Brain: Effects Beyond Reproduction
Kinsley, C. H., Meyer, E. R., & Rafferty, K. A. (2012) · Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/138955712802762248 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Casey,M.L., MacDonald,P.C., Sargent,I.L., & Starkey,P.M. Placental endocrinology in The human placenta (ed. Redman,C.W.G.) 237-272 (Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1993).
- Delis,D.C., Kramer,J.H., Kaplan,E., & Ober,B.A. California Verbal Learning Test: Second Edition(Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, TX, 2000).
- Rakotomamonjy,A., Bach,F., Canu,S., & Grandvalet,Y. SimpleMKL. Journal of Machine Learning Research 9, 2491-2521 (2008).
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The Role of Placental Hormones in Mediating Maternal Adaptations to Support Pregnancy and Lactation
Napso, T., Yong, H. E. J., Lopez-Tello, J., & Sferruzzi-Perri, A. N. (2018) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2018.01091 · Cited by 470 · see citing works
Slavich, G. M., & Sacher, J. (2019) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-019-05326-9 · Cited by 383 · see citing works
The transition to parenthood as a critical window for adult health.
Saxbe, D., Rossin-Slater, M., & Goldenberg, D. (2018) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/amp0000376 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
Olza, I., Uvnas-Moberg, K., Ekström-Bergström, A., Leahy-Warren, P., Karlsdottir, S. I., Nieuwenhuijze, M., Villarmea, S., Hadjigeorgiou, E., Kazmierczak, M., Spyridou, A., et al. (2020) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0230992 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
“During pregnancy the maternal body and brain undergoes a profound and lasting transformation in order to facilitate birth and motherhood [20].”
BackgroundSex and gender differences in cognitive resilience to aging and Alzheimer's disease
Arenaza‐Urquijo, E. M., Boyle, R., Casaletto, K., Anstey, K. J., Vila‐Castelar, C., Colverson, A., Palpatzis, E., Eissman, J. M., Kheng Siang Ng, T., Raghavan, S., et al. (2024) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.13844 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Birth of a Father: Fathering in the First 1,000 Days
Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., Lotz, A., Alyousefi-van Dijk, K., & van IJzendoorn, M. (2019) · Child Development Perspectives · doi:10.1111/cdep.12347 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Starnes, H. M., Rock, K. D., Jackson, T. W., & Belcher, S. M. (2022) · Frontiers in Toxicology · doi:10.3389/ftox.2022.881584 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
“For example, synaptic pruning, or loss of gray matter, in regions of the brain involved in social cognition during pregnancy may streamline neural circuits involved in maternal care and behaviors (Hoekzema et al., 2017).”
BackgroundRedefining neuroendocrinology: Epigenetics of brain-body communication over the life course
McEwen, B. S. (2018) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2017.11.001 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Carmona, S., Martínez‐García, M., Paternina‐Die, M., Barba‐Müller, E., Wierenga, L. M., Alemán‐Gómez, Y., Pretus, C., Marcos‐Vidal, L., Beumala, L., Cortizo, R., et al. (2019) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.24513 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Self-citationTowards a neural model of infant cry perception
Witteman, J., Van IJzendoorn, M. H., Rilling, J. K., Bos, P. A., Schiller, N. O., & Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J. (2019) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.01.026 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Less can be more: Fine tuning the maternal brain
Pawluski, J. L., Hoekzema, E., Leuner, B., & Lonstein, J. S. (2022) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.11.045 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Self-citationVoluntary running influences the efficacy of fluoxetine in a model of postpartum depression
Gobinath, A. R., Richardson, R. J., Chow, C., Workman, J. L., Lieblich, S. E., Barr, A. M., & Galea, L. A. M. (2018) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.09.017 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Parsons, C. E., Young, K. S., Petersen, M. V., Jegindoe Elmholdt, E.-M., Vuust, P., Stein, A., & Kringelbach, M. L. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-01776-3 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and the menstrual cycle: Theory and evidence
Eng, A. G., Nirjar, U., Elkins, A. R., Sizemore, Y. J., Monticello, K. N., Petersen, M. K., Miller, S. A., Barone, J., Eisenlohr-Moul, T. A., & Martel, M. M. (2024) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2023.105466 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Paternina-Die, M., Martínez-García, M., Pretus, C., Hoekzema, E., Barba-Müller, E., Martín de Blas, D., Pozzobon, C., Ballesteros, A., Vilarroya, Ó., Desco, M., et al. (2020) · Cerebral Cortex Communications · doi:10.1093/texcom/tgaa082 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationInteroception is associated with anxiety and depression in pregnant women: A pilot study
Noda, M., Sato, Y., Suetsugu, Y., & Morokuma, S. (2022) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0267507 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Increased child-evoked activation in the precuneus during facial affect recognition in mothers
Plank, I. S., Hindi Attar, C., Kunas, S. L., Bermpohl, F., & Dziobek, I. (2022) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.25825 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
- Authors
- Hoekzema, E., Barba-Müller, E., Pozzobon, C., Picado, M., Lucco, F., García-García, D., Soliva, J. C., Tobeña, A., Desco, M., Crone, E. A., Ballesteros, A., Carmona, S., & Vilarroya, O.
- Affiliations
- Leiden University (NL)
- Valencian Infertility Institute (ES)
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (ES)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (ES)
- Corresponding author
- Hoekzema, Elseline
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature Neuroscience
- Published
- 2016-12-19
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 287-296
- ISSN
- 1097-6256 (ISSN-L)
- 1546-1726
- OpenAlex
- W2560926371
- Cited by
- 788
- References
- 72
- Citations by year
- 2026: 91 · 2025: 93 · 2024: 101 · 2023: 81 · 2022: 72 · 2021: 85 · 2020: 89 · 2019: 86 · 2018: 65 · 2017: 24
- FWCI
- 91.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Locations
- Nature Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Leiden Repository (Leiden University) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Comunidad de Madrid
- European Commission (291820)
- Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (FP7 2007-2013, 451-14-036)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Pregnancy-related medical research
- Keywords
- pregnancy, brain structural changes, gray matter volume, social cognition, motherhood, neuroplasticity, primiparous women, fathers
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Brain, Brain Mapping, Female, Humans, Male, Mothers, Pregnancy, Sex Factors, Time Factors, Postpartum Period
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
