Voluntary or involuntary? Control over overtime and rewards for overtime in relation to fatigue and work satisfaction
Abstract
This study aims to examine whether the relationship between overtime and well-being is influenced by the voluntary vs. involuntary (i.e., compulsory) nature of overtime work and by the presence or absence of rewards for overtime. We also explored the prevalence of these types of overtime and how they were related to work and personal characteristics. A survey was conducted among a representative sample of Dutch full-time employees (N=1612). AN(C)OVA was used to compare rewarded and unrewarded, voluntary and involuntary overtime workers on personal and work characteristics, fatigue, and work satisfaction. Most overtime workers were rewarded (62%). About half of the sample (n=814) could be classified as either voluntary or involuntary overtime workers, or as having “mixed reasons” to work overtime. Voluntary and unrewarded overtime workers had a relatively high income and favourable job characteristics. Involuntary overtime work was associated with relatively high fatigue and low satisfaction, especially for involuntary overtime workers without rewards who can be considered a burnout risk group. Voluntary overtime workers were non-fatigued and satisfied, even without rewards. It can be concluded that control over overtime and rewards for overtime are important for well-being. Moderate overtime work may not be a problem if it is done voluntarily. Moreover, the negative effects of compulsory overtime work may be partly offset by fair compensation for the extra work.
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Long-time work increases employees' fatigue, aggravates negative emotions such as stress and anxiety, and reduces employee well-being.
“Prior studies have shown that long-time work will increase employees’ fatigue and aggravate negative emotions such as stress and anxiety [14,15], and it will also reduce employee well-being [16].”
From Structural Dimension Exploration and Measurement Scale Development of Employee Involution in China’s Workplace Field (2022) · cites this paper as [15]
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- Authors
- Beckers, D. G. J., van der Linden, D., Smulders, P. G. W., Kompier, M. A. J., Taris, T. W., & Geurts, S. A. E.
- Affiliations
- Radboud University Nijmegen (NL)
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Behavioural Science Institute
- Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Beckers, Debby G.J.
- Venue
- Work & Stress
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2008-01
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 33-50
- ISSN
- 0267-8373 (ISSN-L)
- 1464-5335
- OpenAlex
- W2100401310
- Cited by
- 246
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 62 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 11.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Work & Stress (publishedVersion)
- TNO Repository (submittedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Workplace Health and Well-being
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Workaholism, burnout, and well-being
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Job Satisfaction and Organizational Behavior
- Keywords
- overtime, fatigue, job satisfaction, burnout, employee well-being, job characteristics, full-time employees
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