Systematic literature review about gamification in MOOCs
Open accessAbstract
One of the main problems of Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) is the low retention rate of students and a high no-show rate. Meanwhile gamification has been gaining notoriety in the last decade within the education field. This systematic literature review explores the impact gamification has had in MOOCs, how their success is being measured, what are the theories normally associated with these gamified learning environments, and what game design elements are used as well as their implementation and outcome. We’ve reviewed 22 papers dating from 2014 to July 2019. Our findings are positive in terms of the outcomes, with a general increase in participation and retention on gamified MOOCs.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Gamification has gained attention for its ability to increase user engagement, motivation, and enjoyment.
“Gamification has gained attention for its ability to increase user engagement, motivation, and enjoyment (29).”
From A systematic review on the efficacy of virtual reality and gamification interventions for managing anxiety and depression (2023) · cites this paper as [29]
Cites
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations: Classic Definitions and New Directions
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1006/ceps.1999.1020 · Cited by 18,666 · cited 1× · see citing works
“For students many tasks are inherently interesting or enjoyable, and knowing how to promote more active (self-determined) forms of extrinsic motivation becomes an essential strategy for successful teaching (Ryan & Deci, 2000).”
BackgroundFrom game design elements to gamefulness: defining "gamification"
Deterding, S., Dixon, D., Khaled, R., & Nacke, L. (2011) · Proceedings of the 15th International Academic MindTrek Conference: Envisioning Future Media Environments · doi:10.1145/2181037.2181040 · Cited by 8,402 · see citing works
Csíkszentmihályi, M. (1975) · Cited by 5,690 · see citing works
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2012) · Handbook of Theories of Social Psychology: Volume 1 · doi:10.4135/9781446249215.n21 · Cited by 3,161 · see citing works
Niemiec, C. P., & Ryan, R. M. (2009) · Theory and Research in Education · doi:10.1177/1477878509104318 · Cited by 2,542 · see citing works
(2012) · Swinburne figshare (Swinburne University of Technology) · Cited by 2,354 · see citing works
Gamifying learning experiences: Practical implications and outcomes
Domínguez‐Díaz, A., Saenz-de-Navarrete, J., de‐Marcos, L., Sanz, L. F., Pagés, C., & Martínez-Herráiz, J.-J. (2013) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2012.12.020 · Cited by 2,189 · see citing works
The Rise of Motivational Information Systems: A Review of Gamification Research
Koivisto, J., & Hamari, J. (2017) · International Journal of Information Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2018.10.013 · Cited by 1,951 · see citing works
(2015) · Educational Technology & Society · Cited by 1,551 · see citing works
Gamifying education: what is known, what is believed and what remains uncertain: a critical review
Dichev, C., & Dicheva, D. (2017) · International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education · doi:10.1186/s41239-017-0042-5 · Cited by 1,451 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In a subsequent critical review, Dichev and Dicheva (2017) reported that the use of gamification in education studies lacks a theoretical background.”
BackgroundMotivation to learn: an overview of contemporary theories
Cook, D. A., & Artino, A. R. (2016) · Medical Education · doi:10.1111/medu.13074 · Cited by 1,138 · see citing works
Initial trends in enrolment and completion of massive open online courses
Jordan, K. (2014) · The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning · doi:10.19173/irrodl.v15i1.1651 · Cited by 978 · see citing works
Raising engagement in e-learning through gamification
Ioana, M. C. (2011) · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.8133016 · Cited by 480 · see citing works
Raising engagement in e-learning through gamification
Ioana, M. C. (2011) · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.8132981 · Cited by 478 · see citing works
Gamification: A key determinant of massive open online course (MOOC) success
Aparício, M., Oliveira, T., Bação, F., & Paìnho, M. (2018) · Information & Management · doi:10.1016/j.im.2018.06.003 · Cited by 342 · see citing works
Psychological Theory and the Gamification of Learning
Landers, R. N., Bauer, K. N., Callan, R. C., & Armstrong, M. B. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-10208-5_9 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Krause, M., Mogalle, M., Pohl, H., & Williams, J. J. (2015) · ACM Conference on Learning @ Scale (L@S) · doi:10.1145/2724660.2724665 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
New challenges for the motivation and learning in engineering education using gamification in MOOC
Martínez, M., Fidalgo-Blanco, Á., & Borrás-Gené, O. (2015) · International journal of engineering education · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Gamification in MOOCs: Engagement Application Test in Energy Sustainability Courses
Romero-Rodríguez, L. M., Soledad, M., & González, J. R. V. (2019) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2019.2903230 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Gamification of MOOCs for increasing user engagement
Vaibhav, A., & Gupta, P. (2014) · doi:10.1109/mite.2014.7020290 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Student skill and goal achievement in the mapping with google MOOC
Wilkowski, J., Deutsch, A., & Russell, D. M. (2014) · Proceedings of the first ACM conference on Learning @ scale conference · doi:10.1145/2556325.2566240 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
To reward and beyond: Analyzing the effect of reward-based strategies in a MOOC
Ortega‐Arranz, A., Bote‐Lorenzo, M. L., Asensio-Pérez, J. I., Martínez‐Monés, A., Gómez‐Sánchez, E., & Dimitriadis, Y. A. (2019) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2019.103639 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Gamification in MOOCs: A review of the state of the art
Khalil, M., Wong, J., de Koning, B. B., Ebner, M., & PAAS, F. G. W. C. (2018) · IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON) · doi:10.1109/educon.2018.8363430 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Butcher, J., & Rose-Adams, J. (2015) · Open Learning The Journal of Open Distance and e-Learning · doi:10.1080/02680513.2015.1055719 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
On the role of gamification and localization in an open online learning environment
Lehtonen, T., Aho, T., Isohanni, E., & Mikkonen, T. (2015) · Koli Calling International Conference on Computing Education Research · doi:10.1145/2828959.2828973 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Gamification in MOOCs to enhance users' goal achievement
Antonaci, A., Klemke, R., Stracke, C. M., & Specht, M. M. (2017) · IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON) · doi:10.1109/educon.2017.7943070 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Understanding student behavior and perceptions toward earning badges in a gamified MOOC
Ortega-Arranz, A., Er, E., Martínez-Monés, A., Bote-Lorenzo, M., Asensio-Pérez, J., & Muñoz-Cristóbal, J. A. (2019) · Universal Access in the Information Society · doi:10.1007/s10209-019-00677-8 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
SPOC-supported introduction to programming
Piccioni, M., Estler, C., & Meyer, B. (2014) · doi:10.1145/2591708.2591759 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Fostering Engagement with Gamification: Review of Current Practices on Online Learning PlatformsPreprint
Hansch, A., Newman, C., & Schildhauer, T. A. (2015) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2694736 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
The gamification of a MOOC platform
Staubitz, T., Willems, C., Hagedorn, C., & Meinel, C. (2017) · IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON) · doi:10.1109/educon.2017.7942952 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Techno-instructional application in a MOOC designed with gamification techniques
Saraguro-Bravo, R., Jara-Roa, D. I., & Agila-Palacios, M. V. (2016) · International Conference on eDemocracy & eGovernment · doi:10.1109/icedeg.2016.7461717 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
How Gamification Is Being Implemented in MOOCs? A Systematic Literature Review
Ortega‐Arranz, A., Cristóbal, J., Martínez‐Monés, A., Bote‐Lorenzo, M. L., & Asensio-Pérez, J. I. (2017) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-66610-5_40 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Identifying Game Elements Suitable for MOOCs
Antonaci, A., Klemke, R., Stracke, C. M., & Specht, M. M. (2017) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-66610-5_26 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Does Gamification in MOOC Discussion Forums Work?
Reischer, M., Khalil, M., & Ebner, M. (2017) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-59044-8_11 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Gamifying a PhD taught module: A Journey to Phobos and Deimos
Butgereit, L. L. (2015) · IST-Africa Conference (IST-Africa) · doi:10.1109/istafrica.2015.7190516 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Modelo de transferencia de conocimiento a través de la gamificación: Un gcMooc
Terán-Bustamante, A., & Jiménez, B. M. (2019) · Actualidades Investigativas en Educación · doi:10.15517/aie.v19i2.36997 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Badges: How to use?: Training teachers trought a MOOC
Araújo, I., Santos, C., & Pedro, L. F. M. G. (2017) · International Symposium on Computers in Education · doi:10.1109/siie.2017.8259667 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Krath, J., Schürmann, L., & von Korflesch, H. F. O. (2021) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2021.106963 · Cited by 1,126 · see citing works
Enhancing Student Motivation and Engagement through a Gamified Learning Environment
Hellín, C. J., Calles-Esteban, F., Valledor, A., Gómez, J., Otón, S., & Tayebi, A. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su151914119 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
MOOC 5.0: A Roadmap to the Future of Learning
Ahmad, I., Sharma, S., Singh, R., Gehlot, A., Priyadarshi, N., & Twala, B. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su141811199 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Jingili, N., Oyelere, S. S., Nyström, M. B. T., & Anyshchenko, L. (2023) · Frontiers in Digital Health · doi:10.3389/fdgth.2023.1239435 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Serious games in future skills development: A systematic review of the design approaches
Gurbuz, S. C., & Çelik, M. (2022) · Computer Applications in Engineering Education · doi:10.1002/cae.22557 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
How Gamification Leads to Continued Usage of MOOCs? A Theoretical Perspective
Rohan, R., Pal, D., Funilkul, S., Chutimaskul, W., & Eamsinvattana, W. (2021) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2021.3102293 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Engagement and desertion in MOOCs: Systematic review
Molina, O. E., & Cancell, D. R. F. (2021) · Comunicar · doi:10.3916/c70-2022-09 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Yang, Q., & Lee, Y. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su13148089 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
The role and scope of gamification in education: A scientometric literature review
Gini, F., Bassanelli, S., Bonetti, F., Mogavi, R. H., Bucchiarione, A., & Marconi, A. (2025) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.105418 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Evaluating Learner Engagement with Gamification in Online Courses
Puig, A., Rodríguez, I., Rodríguez, Á., & Gallego, I. (2023) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app13031535 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Swacha, J., & Szydłowska, J. (2023) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci13100984 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Using game concepts to improve programming learning: A multi‐level meta‐analysis
Costa, J. M. (2023) · Computer Applications in Engineering Education · doi:10.1002/cae.22630 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
The impact of gamification on students’ motivation: A Systematic Literature Review
Fitria, T. N. (2023) · LingTera · doi:10.21831/lt.v9i2.56616 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Gamification in MOOCs: A systematic literature review
Major, R. R., & da Silva, M. M. (2023) · Cogent Education · doi:10.1080/2331186x.2023.2275820 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Ahmed, H. M. M., El-Sabagh, H. A., & Elbourhamy, D. M. (2025) · International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education · doi:10.1186/s41239-025-00541-1 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Slamet, J., Basthomi, Y., Ivone, F. M., & Eliyanah, E. (2024) · Teaching & Learning Inquiry The ISSOTL Journal · doi:10.20343/teachlearninqu.12.19 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
The Impact of Game-Based Interventions on Adult Cognition: A Systematic Review
Coelho, F., Gonçalves, D. J. V., & Abreu, A. M. (2025) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2025.2462746 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Exploring the Use of Metaverse for Collaborative Learning in Higher Education: A Scoping Review
Sharma, A., Sharma, L. K., & Krezel, J. (2023) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-48060-7_19 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Utilizing an SDL Approach in Designing a Gamification-Based MOOC to Enhance Autonomous Learning
Slamet, J., Basthomi, Y., Ivone, F. M., & Eliyanah, E. (2024) · Journal of Information Technology Education Research · doi:10.28945/5278 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Towards Quality Assurance in MOOCs: A Comprehensive Review and Micro-Level Framework
Sebbeq, H., & Faddouli, N.-E. E. (2024) · The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning · doi:10.19173/irrodl.v25i1.7544 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Gamification in e-learning: A Systematic Review of Benefits, Challenges, and Future Possibilities
Gejandran, P., & Abdullah, N. (2024) · Journal of Logistics Informatics and Service Science · doi:10.33168/jliss.2024.0206 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Topic Evolution in the Research on Educational Gamification
Swacha, J. (2022) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci12100640 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Enhancing Online Learning Through Multi-Agent Debates for CS University Students
Du, J., Xu, G., Liu, W., Zhou, D., & Liu, F. (2025) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app15115877 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Alsafran, M. A., Awad, Y. A., Alsaber, A., AlMutairi, S., & Alkandari, A. M. (2025) · Management & Sustainability An Arab Review · doi:10.1108/msar-11-2024-0196 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Powell, L., Nour, R., Zidoun, Y., Kaladhara, S., Suwaidi, H. S. A., & Zary, N. (2022) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/38034 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Gamification in MOOC: A systematic literature review
Karsen, M., Masrek, M. N., Uzir, N. A., & Rahman, S. A. (2022) · Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal · doi:10.21834/ebpj.v7isi10.4111 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Using online constructor as a means of increasing motivation to study literature
Shvetsova, T. V., & Shakhova, V. E. (2023) · Revista Amazonia Investiga · doi:10.34069/ai/2023.69.09.24 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Incompletion Rate Factors in MOOC: A Systematic Literature Review
Karsen, M., Uzir, N. A., Rahman, S. B. A., & Kurniawan, Y. (2023) · International Conference on University Teaching and Learning (InCULT) · doi:10.1109/incult59088.2023.10482740 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Analysis and discovery of procrastination patterns in a language learning MOOC
Mendoza, J. A. V., Ferri, C., & Monserrat, C. (2024) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2024.105154 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Enhancing Student Engagement Through Gamified Learning in Moodle LMS
Sotirov, M., Petrova, V., & Nikolova-Sotirova, D. (2024) · International Symposium on Electrical Apparatus and Technologies (SIELA) · doi:10.1109/siela61056.2024.10637857 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Collaborative Learning Using Escape Designs and Pedagogies. A Needs Analysis Protocol
Papamalis, F. E., Antoniou, P. E., Poultourtzidis, I., Nikolaidou, M., Poulton, T., & Bamidis, P. D. (2022) · Studies in health technology and informatics · doi:10.3233/shti220756 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Wang, S., & Lee, S.-K. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0299014 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Thematic Trends Around Gamification in MOOC: A Bibliometric Analysis
Patiño-Toro, O. N., Rodríguez-Correa, P. A., Valencia-Arías, A., Fernández-Toro, A. C., Jiménez-Guzmán, A., & Escorcia-González, J. J. (2022) · Journal of Information Systems Engineering & Management · doi:10.55267/iadt.07.12534 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Supporting Practitioners in the Gamification of MOOCs through Reward-Based Strategies
Ortega‐Arranz, A. (2021) · doi:10.35376/10324/47535 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Competences for the future (Future Work 4S) – Green skills and environmental education
Nováková, D., & Němejc, K. (2024) · BioResources · doi:10.15376/biores.19.4.7381-7392 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The Role of Games in Hospitality Management Education
Hadinejad, A., & Zare, S. (2024) · Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Education · doi:10.1080/10963758.2024.2441200 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Emerging Paradigms in Non-Profit Governance
Santos, J. (2024) · Advances in logistics, operations, and management science book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-3723-3.ch001 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Beyond Points and Badges: Deepening Engagement in MOOCs through Gamification
Wahyudi, M. N. A., Budiyanto, C. W., Widiastuti, I., & Pambudi, N. A. (2025) · International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (iJIM) · doi:10.3991/ijim.v19i01.51705 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Dantas, L., Estrela, E., & Yuan, Z. (2022) · European Journal of Education and Pedagogy · doi:10.24018/ejedu.2022.3.6.509 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
The Evolution of Learning and Technological Innovation
Grabarski, M. K., Mouratidou, M., & Fellows, I. (2023) · Advances in higher education and professional development book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-6684-7442-6.ch004 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Analysis of Gamification Elements in E-Learning
Reif, B. A., Schluifer, K., Mayas, C., & Hirth, M. (2024) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-61685-3_8 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Gamification in Massive Open Online Courses After the Pandemic
Nesterowicz, K., Bayramova, U., & Szádeczky, T. (2024) · Advances in educational technologies and instructional design book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-2885-9.ch017 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Manchita: An AI-Powered Gamified Learning Environment
Triana, N. K., Duarte, E. J., Becerra, E., & Manrique, R. (2025) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-98281-1_16 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Performance on Software Architecture Design to Serious Games for Mobile Devices
Dávila-Nicanor, L., Juárez, I. A., de la Vega, J. A., Madrid, A. B., & López, S. C. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-33338-5_4 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
A first validation of the gamification user types HEXAD scale for digital learning systems
Schultze, S., Hochweber, J., Habermeyer, T., & Schneider, S. (2026) · Computers in Human Behavior Reports · doi:10.1016/j.chbr.2026.101011 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Ambasana, J. (2023) · ACM Global Computing Education Conference (CompEd) · doi:10.1145/3617650.3624925 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Saputro, R. E., & Salam, S. (2024) · Journal of Education Technology · doi:10.23887/jet.v8i1.67624 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Editorial: perspectives on open educational resources
Stevens, C., & Douce, C. (2022) · Open Learning The Journal of Open Distance and e-Learning · doi:10.1080/02680513.2022.2152318
Powell, L., Nour, R., Suwaidi, H. S. A., & Zary, N. (2023) · Studies in health technology and informatics · doi:10.3233/shti230173
Augmenting Open and Distance Learning Through Gamification
Pulist, S. K., & Sharma, R. C. (2024) · EAI/Springer Innovations in Communication and Computing · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-52296-3_5
Evaluating Phillips’ Game Rewards Taxonomy: Implications for the Gamification Design
Botte, B., Marinensi, G., Aarts, H., Bakkes, S. C. J., & Veltkamp, R. C. (2024) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-78269-5_13
Review – The Influence of Games on Education Development in the Disruption Era
Anwar, T., & Wijaya, A. B. (2023) · Journal of Multimedia Trend and Technology. · doi:10.35671/jmtt.v2i1.27
Optimizing Learning Through Game Design: An Essential Role in Educational Games
Chung, J. W., Azam, A. B., Xie, Y., Li, S., Huang, L., & Cai, Y. (2025) · Gaming media and social effects · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-2332-7_3
Planned to Play: Aligning UI/UX and Gamification with User-Centred Design
Nusran, N. F. M., Wook, T. S. M. T., & Noor, S. F. M. (2025) · IEEE International Conference on Computing (ICOCO) · doi:10.1109/icoco67189.2025.11334158
Hajkazemi, M., Ardakan, M. A., Mohammadesmaeili, N., & Kianie, M. (2026) · The Learning Organization · doi:10.1108/tlo-02-2024-0057
How Game Elements Structure Educational Learning Paths: A Literature Review
Zambotto, L., Bassanelli, S., Manzoni, F., Bucchiarone, A., & Marconi, A. (2026) · International GamiFIN Conference (GamiFIN) · doi:10.1145/3789624.3789648
Gamification and Leader Development
Schrier, K. “. (2025) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-83708-544-620251011
More Than Just Game Elements—A Taxonomy of Considerations for Gamification Projects and Research
Kölln, K., Weigand, A. C., Meiser, L., Rauschenberger, M., & Escalona, M. J. (2026) · Journal of Software Evolution and Process · doi:10.1002/smr.70142
Gamification of Community Participation
Smirnova, I. N. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-52643-5_79-1
Perencanaan Sumber Daya Manusia Sektor Publik : Strategi Adaptif untuk Generasi Milenial dan Z
Fanani, M. A., & Jannah, L. M. (2025) · Jurnal Pemerintahan dan Politik · doi:10.36982/jpp.v10i4.6080
Li, Y., & Zhao, M. (2026) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-026-14133-7
- Authors
- Jarnac de Freitas, M., & Mira da Silva, M.
- Affiliations
- Universidade De Lisboa Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon, Portugal
- Venue
- Open Learning The Journal of Open Distance and e-Learning
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2020-08-11
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 73-95
- ISSN
- 0268-0513 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-9958
- OpenAlex
- W3048567423
- Cited by
- 63
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 5
- FWCI
- 1.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Open Learning The Journal of Open Distance and e-Learning (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Educational Games and Gamification
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Science Applications › Online Learning and Analytics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Digital Games and Media
- Keywords
- gamification, massive open online courses, student retention, student participation, game elements, gamified learning environments, online learning outcomes
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
