From game design elements to gamefulness: defining "gamification"

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The Thing and I: Understanding the Relationship Between User and Product

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The Genesis of Animal Play: Testing the Limits

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Serious Games: Mechanisms and Effects

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The drift table: designing for ludic engagement

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Pervasive Games: Theory and Design

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Beyond Play: A New Approach to Games

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There is No Magic Circle

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Total engagement: using games and virtual worlds to change the way people work and businesses compete

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Defining Game Mechanics

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Technical opinionMotivational affordances

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Playful Identities, or the Ludification of Culture

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Metaphor and the Cognitive Representation of Computing Systems

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Calibration games: making calibration tasks enjoyable by adding motivating game elements

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The Assemblage of Play

Taylor, T. L. (2009) · Games and Culture · doi:10.1177/1555412009343576 · Cited by 234 · see citing works

Framework for Designing and Evaluating Game Achievements

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Challenges for Game Designers

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PLEX Cards

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Exploring the theoretical foundations of playfulness in computer interactions

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A study in play, pleasure and interaction design

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Play and games

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Applying game achievement systems to enhance user experience in a photo sharing service

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Handbook of Research on Socio-Technical Design and Social Networking Systems

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FUN

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From Sun Tzu to Xbox: War and Video Games

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Assessing the Core Elements of the Gaming Experience

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Game usability : advice from the experts for advancing the player experience

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Game design workshop a playcentric approach to creating innovative games

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The adventure of getting to know a computer

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Designing Social Interfaces: Principles, Patterns, and Practices for Improving the User Experience

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Evaluating User Experience in Games: Concepts and Methods

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"Gamification" from the perspective of service marketing

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Doom as an interface for process management

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The lens of ludic engagement

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Fun Inc.: Why Gaming Will Dominate the Twenty-First Century

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The Practical Guide to Defect Prevention

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Building sensitising terms to understand free-play in open-ended interactive art environments

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Functional Fun with Tangible User Interfaces

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The University of Illinois Press

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From Serious Games to Serious Gaming

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Playful Design

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Heuristic Evaluation of Games

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Special Issue - Game Reward Systems.

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Exploring the Creative Potential of Values Conscious Game Design: Students’ Experiences with the VAP Curriculum

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Pattern Languages for CMC Design

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Introduction

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Video Game Values: Play as Human-Computer Interaction

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Does Gamification Work? -- A Literature Review of Empirical Studies on Gamification

Hamari, J., Koivisto, J., & Sarsa, H. (2014) · 2014 47th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences · doi:10.1109/hicss.2014.377 · Cited by 5,201 · see citing works

Gamification in theory and action: a survey

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How gamification motivates: An experimental study of the effects of specific game design elements on psychological need satisfaction

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The gamification of learning: a meta-analysis

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Gamifying education: what is known, what is believed and what remains uncertain: a critical review

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Gamification for health and wellbeing: A systematic review of the literature

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Towards understanding the effects of individual gamification elements on intrinsic motivation and performance

Mekler, E. D., Brühlmann, F., Tuch, A. N., & Opwis, K. (2017) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.08.048 · Cited by 990 · see citing works

Gamified learning in higher education: A systematic review of the literature

Subhash, S., & Cudney, E. A. (2018) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.05.028 · Cited by 1,043 · see citing works

Demographic differences in perceived benefits from gamification

Koivisto, J., & Hamari, J. (2014) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.03.007 · Cited by 841 · see citing works

Does gamification improve student learning outcome? Evidence from a meta-analysis and synthesis of qualitative data in educational contexts

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An empirical study comparing gamification and social networking on e-learning

de-Marcos, L., Domínguez, A., Saenz-de-Navarrete, J., & Pagés, C. (2014) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2014.01.012 · Cited by 626 · see citing works

E-leadership: Re-examining transformations in leadership source and transmission

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Gamification: What It Is and Why It Matters to Digital Health Behavior Change Developers

Cugelman, B. (2013) · JMIR Serious Games · doi:10.2196/games.3139 · Cited by 531 · see citing works

Toward Meaningful Engagement: A Framework for Design and Research of Gamified Information Systems1

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The maturing of gamification research

Nacke, L. E., & Deterding, S. (2017) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.11.062 · Cited by 493 · see citing works

Just a Fad? Gamification in Health and Fitness Apps

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“Working out for likes”: An empirical study on social influence in exercise gamification

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Augmented Reality in Cultural Heritage: An Overview of the Last Decade of Applications

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Gamification Science, Its History and Future: Definitions and a Research Agenda

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Gamification: Design of IT-Based Enhancing Services for Motivational Support and Behavioral Change

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On the benefits of explaining herd immunity in vaccine advocacy

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The impact of gamification in educational settings on student learning outcomes: a meta-analysis

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Digital game-based vocabulary learning: where are we and where are we going?

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Virtual reality as a clinical tool in mental health research and practice

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The effects of gamification-based teaching practices on student achievement and students' attitudes toward lessons

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Do points, levels and leaderboards harm intrinsic motivation?: an empirical analysis of common gamification elements

Mekler, E. D., Brühlmann, F., Opwis, K., & Tuch, A. N. (2013) · Proceedings of the First International Conference on Gameful Design, Research, and Applications · doi:10.1145/2583008.2583017 · Cited by 314 · see citing works

Engaging Asian students through game mechanics: Findings from two experiment studies

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Deconstructing gamification: evaluating the effectiveness of continuous measurement, virtual rewards, and social comparison for promoting physical activity

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Leaderboards in a virtual classroom: A test of stereotype threat and social comparison explanations for women's math performance

Christy, K. R., & Fox, J. (2014) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2014.05.005 · Cited by 276 · see citing works

“Achievement unlocked!” - The impact of digital achievements as a gamification element on motivation and performance

Groening, C., & Binnewies, C. (2019) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2019.02.026 · Cited by 249 · see citing works

The Most Popular Smartphone Apps for Weight Loss: A Quality Assessment

Chen, J., Cade, J. E., & Allman-Farinelli, M. (2015) · JMIR mHealth and uHealth · doi:10.2196/mhealth.4334 · Cited by 219 · see citing works

Evaluating the Effectiveness of Gamification on Physical Activity: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Mazeas, A., Duclos, M., Pereira, B., & Chalabaev, A. (2022) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/26779 · Cited by 222 · see citing works

The Effects of Flow, Emotional Engagement, and Motivation on Success in a Gamified Online Learning Environment

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Clinical Application of Virtual Reality for Upper Limb Motor Rehabilitation in Stroke: Review of Technologies and Clinical Evidence

Kim, W.-S., Cho, S., Ku, J., Kim, Y., Lee, K., Hwang, H.-J., & Paik, N.-J. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm9103369 · Cited by 226 · see citing works

Ecological momentary interventions for mental health: A scoping review

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Research Note—Gamification of Technology-Mediated Training: Not All Competitions Are the Same

Santhanam, R., Liu, D., & Shen, W.-C. M. (2016) · Information Systems Research · doi:10.1287/isre.2016.0630 · Cited by 213 · see citing works

The role of gamified learning strategies in student's motivation in high school and higher education: A systematic review

Ratinho, E., & Martins, C. (2023) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19033 · Cited by 221 · see citing works

Shallow Gamification: Testing Psychological Effects of Framing an Activity as a Game

Lieberoth, A. (2015) · Games and Culture · doi:10.1177/1555412014559978 · Cited by 208 · see citing works

Designing gamification: creating gameful and playful experiences

Deterding, S., Björk, S. L., Nacke, L. E., Dixon, D., & Lawley, E. (2013) · CHI '13 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/2468356.2479662 · Cited by 192 · see citing works

Creating state of the art, next-generation Virtual Reality exposure therapies for anxiety disorders using consumer hardware platforms: design considerations and future directions

Lindner, P., Miloff, A., Hamilton, W., Reuterskiöld, L., Andersson, G., Powers, M. B., & Carlbring, P. (2017) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2017.1280843 · Cited by 187 · see citing works

Supporting Novice to Expert Transitions in User Interfaces

Cockburn, A., Gutwin, C., Scarr, J., & Malacria, S. (2015) · ACM Computing Surveys · doi:10.1145/2659796 · Cited by 193 · see citing works

Empirical validation of the Gamification User Types Hexad scale in English and Spanish

Tondello, G. F., Mora, A., Marczewski, A., & Nacke, L. E. (2019) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2018.10.002 · Cited by 185 · see citing works

The effects of gamification on computerized cognitive training: Systematic review and meta-analysis

Vermeir, J. F., White, M. J., Johnson, D., Crombez, G., & Van Ryckeghem, D. M. L. (2020) · JMIR Serious Games · doi:10.2196/18644 · Cited by 172 · see citing works

Gamification and Adherence to Web-Based Mental Health Interventions: A Systematic Review

Brown, M., O'Neill, N., van Woerden, H., Eslambolchilar, P., Jones, M., & John, A. (2016) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/mental.5710 · Cited by 178 · see citing works

The effects of mHealth-based gamification interventions on participation in physical activity: systematic review

Xu, L., Shi, H., Shen, M., Ni, Y., Zhang, X., Pang, Y., Yu, T., Lian, X., Yu, T., Yang, X., et al. (2022) · JMIR mHealth and uHealth · doi:10.2196/27794 · Cited by 161 · see citing works

A web-based, social networking physical activity intervention for insufficiently active adults delivered via Facebook app: randomized controlled trial

Maher, C., Ferguson, M., Vandelanotte, C., Plotnikoff, R., De Bourdeaudhuij, I., Thomas, S., Nelson-Field, K., & Olds, T. (2015) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.4086 · Cited by 171 · see citing works

Gamification as an approach to improve resilience and reduce attrition in mobile mental health interventions: A randomized controlled trial

Litvin, S., Saunders, R., Maier, M. A., & Lüttke, S. (2020) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0237220 · Cited by 177 · see citing works

Behavioral Outcome Effects of Serious Gaming as an Adjunct to Treatment for Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Bul, K. C., Kato, P. M., Van der Oord, S., Danckaerts, M., Vreeke, L. J., Willems, A., van Oers, H. J., Van Den Heuvel, R., Birnie, D., Van Amelsvoort, T. A., et al. (2016) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.5173 · Cited by 158 · see citing works

From Gamification to Gameful Design and Gameful Experience in Learning

Dichev, C., Dicheva, D., Angelova, G., & Agre, G. (2015) · Cybernetics and Information Technologies · doi:10.1515/cait-2014-0007 · Cited by 169 · see citing works

Gamification in Education: Why, Where, When, and How?—A Systematic Review

Zeybek, N., & Saygı, E. (2024) · Games and Culture · doi:10.1177/15554120231158625 · Cited by 172 · see citing works

Opening up Smart Cities: Citizen-Centric Challenges and Opportunities from GIScience

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How effective is emotional design? A meta-analysis on facial anthropomorphisms and pleasant colors during multimedia learning

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A Review of Gamification for Health-Related Contexts

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An Evaluation of Gamified Training: Using Narrative to Improve Reactions and Learning

Armstrong, M. B., & Landers, R. N. (2017) · Simulation & Gaming · doi:10.1177/1046878117703749 · Cited by 158 · see citing works

Single-session gamified virtual reality exposure therapy for spider phobia vs. traditional exposure therapy: study protocol for a randomized controlled non-inferiority trial

Miloff, A., Lindner, P., Hamilton, W., Reuterskiöld, L., Andersson, G., & Carlbring, P. (2016) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-016-1171-1 · Cited by 141 · see citing works

A randomized controlled trial on a smartphone self-help application (Be Good to Yourself) to reduce depressive symptoms

Lüdtke, T., Pult, L. K., Schröder, J., Moritz, S., & Bücker, L. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.08.113 · Cited by 122 · see citing works

Best Practices and Recommendations for Digital Interventions to Improve Engagement and Adherence in Chronic Illness Sufferers

Karekla, M., Kasinopoulos, O., Neto, D. D., Ebert, D. D., Van Daele, T., Nordgreen, T., Höfer, S., Oeverland, S., & Jensen, K. L. (2019) · European Psychologist · doi:10.1027/1016-9040/a000349 · Cited by 117 · see citing works

The impact of applying challenge-based gamification program on students’ learning outcomes: Academic achievement, motivation and flow

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Feasibility and Efficacy of an mHealth Game for Managing Anxiety: “Flowy” Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial and Design Evaluation

Pham, Q., Khatib, Y., Stansfeld, S., Fox, S., & Green, T. (2016) · Games for Health Journal · doi:10.1089/g4h.2015.0033 · Cited by 104 · see citing works

User Engagement and Attrition in an App-Based Physical Activity Intervention: Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial

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Using Gamification to Motivate Students with Dyslexia

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Gamification in biology teaching: A sample of kahoot application

Yapıcı, İ. Ü., & Karakoyun, F. (2017) · Turkish Online Journal of Qualitative Inquiry · doi:10.17569/tojqi.335956 · Cited by 96 · see citing works

Gamification of Mobile Experience Sampling Improves Data Quality and Quantity

van Berkel, N., Goncalves, J., Hosio, S., & Kostakos, V. (2017) · Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies · doi:10.1145/3130972 · Cited by 95 · see citing works

Designing interactive systems through a game lens: An ethnographic approach

Rapp, A. (2017) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.02.048 · Cited by 94 · see citing works

Integrating Augmented Reality, Gamification, and Serious Games in Computer Science Education

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Game elements improve performance in a working memory training task

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Effectiveness of Gamification Elements in Blended Learning Environments

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Understanding applicants’ reactions to gamified recruitment

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A triangulation method on the effectiveness of digital game-based language learning for vocabulary acquisition

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Does gamification engage users in online shopping?

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Playing to Wait: A Taxonomy of Idle Games

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Chatbot-Based Assessment of Employees’ Mental Health: Design Process and Pilot Implementation

Hungerbuehler, I., Daley, K., Cavanagh, K., Garcia Claro, H., & Kapps, M. (2021) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/21678 · Cited by 73 · see citing works

Gamified Requirements Engineering: Model and Experimentation

Lombriser, P., Dalpiaz, F., Lucassen, G., & Brinkkemper, S. (2016) · Lecture Notes in Computer Science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-30282-9_12 · Cited by 73 · see citing works

How gamification boosts learning in STEM higher education: a mixed methods study

Ortiz-Rojas, M., Chiluiza, K., Valcke, M., & Bolanos-Mendoza, C. (2025) · International Journal of STEM Education · doi:10.1186/s40594-024-00521-3 · Cited by 71 · see citing works

Evaluation of Two Mobile Health Apps in the Context of Smoking Cessation: Qualitative Study of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) Versus Non-CBT-Based Digital Solutions

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How has gamification within digital platforms affected self-regulated learning skills during the COVID-19 pandemic? Mixed-methods research

Alhalafawy, W. S., & Tawfiq Zaki, M. Z. (2022) · International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET) · doi:10.3991/ijet.v17i06.28885 · Cited by 69 · see citing works

Design and evaluation of a remote synchronous gamified mathematics teaching activity that integrates multi-representational scaffolding and a mind tool for gamified learning

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Systematic literature review about gamification in MOOCs

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Comparing Serious Games and Educational Simulations: Effects on Enjoyment, Deep Thinking, Interest and Cognitive Learning Gains

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Emerging trends in gamification for clinical reasoning education: a scoping review

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An app that incorporates gamification, Mini-games, and social connection to improve Men’s Mental health and well-being (MindMax): participatory design process

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Health Behavior Theory in Physical Activity Game Apps: A Content Analysis

Payne, H. E., Moxley, V. B., & MacDonald, E. (2015) · JMIR Serious Games · doi:10.2196/games.4187 · Cited by 56 · see citing works

Gamification design framework based on SDT for student motivation

Lamprinou, D., & Paraskeva, F. (2015) · 2015 International Conference on Interactive Mobile Communication Technologies and Learning (IMCL) · doi:10.1109/imctl.2015.7359631 · Cited by 59 · see citing works

The Use of Gamification in the Self-Management of Patients With Chronic Diseases: Scoping Review

Huang, X., Xiang, X., Liu, Y., Wang, Z., Jiang, Z., & Huang, L. (2023) · JMIR Serious Games · doi:10.2196/39019 · Cited by 53 · see citing works

Science to practice: Does gamification enhance intrinsic motivation?

Jones, M., Blanton, J. E., & Williams, R. E. (2023) · Active Learning in Higher Education · doi:10.1177/14697874211066882 · Cited by 56 · see citing works

Sustainable Development for Mobile Health Apps Using the Human-Centered Design Process

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Reflective Informatics Through Family Storytelling: Self-discovering Physical Activity Predictors

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Psychotherapy and Artificial Intelligence: A Proposal for Alignment

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Increasing Physical Activity Efficiently: An Experimental Pilot Study of a Website and Mobile Phone Intervention

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Adding a smartphone app to internet-based self-help for social anxiety: A randomized controlled trial

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A Gamified Smartphone-Based Intervention for Depression: Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial

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FitMindKit : Randomised controlled trial of an automatically tailored online program for mood, anxiety, substance use and suicidality

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Development of a generative <scp>AI</scp> ‐powered teachable agent for middle school mathematics learning: A design‐based research study

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The impact of a gamified Mobile mental health app (eQuoo) on resilience and mental health in a student population: large-scale randomized controlled trial

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Intensive online videogame involvement: A new global idiom of wellness and distress

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Correcting Misconceptions About Gamification of Assessment: More Than SJTs and Badges

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Artificial intelligence-driven serious games in health care: scoping review

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Cognitive prostheses for goal achievement

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The affiliation between student achievement and elements of gamification in learning science

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The Game Design Reader: A Rules of Play Anthology

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Game Design For an Environmental-themed 2D Adventure Mobile Game

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Analysis of Player's Reception in the Video Game “Among Us”

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Theory as Game: Designing the Gamegame

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On the Role Design of the Game——A Taste of Role Creation by Performing the Game Story Eyez

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