The DOI matches its Crossref record; 96 of the 97 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Explicit and implicit emotion regulation: a dual-process framework.
Open accessAbstract
It is widely acknowledged that emotions can be regulated in an astonishing variety of ways. Most research to date has focused on explicit (effortful) forms of emotion regulation. However, there is growing research interest in implicit (automatic) forms of emotion regulation. To organise emerging findings, we present a dual-process framework that integrates explicit and implicit forms of emotion regulation, and argue that both forms of regulation are necessary for well-being. In the first section of this review, we provide a broad overview of the construct of emotion regulation, with an emphasis on explicit and implicit processes. In the second section, we focus on explicit emotion regulation, considering both neural mechanisms that are associated with these processes and their experiential and physiological consequences. In the third section, we turn to several forms of implicit emotion regulation, and integrate the burgeoning literature in this area. We conclude by outlining open questions and areas for future research.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“these reviews offer differing descriptions of ‘implicit’ regulation, sometimes focusing on the lack of a conscious and explicit goal to regulate and other times arguing that it occurs automatically and/or without need for cognitive control.”
From Explicit and implicit emotion regulation: a multi-level framework (2017) · cites this paper as Gyurak et al., 2011
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Implicit emotion regulation, by contrast, does not require conscious intentions (Gyurak et al., 2011; Koole and Rothermund, 2011; Koole et al., 2015).”
From Synchrony in Psychotherapy: A Review and an Integrative Framework for the Therapeutic Alliance (2016) · cites this paper as Gyurak et al., 2011
In the citing paper
“For instance, Gyurak et al. (2011) proposed that implicit emotion regulation may develop from the habitual use of specific explicit strategies.”
From Neurocognitive bases of emotion regulation development in adolescence (2015) · cites this paper as Gyurak et al., 2011
In the citing paper
“Thus, there is considerable evidence that the ability to filter out emotional stimuli entering the processing stream in a ‘bottom-up’ manner (Gyurak et al., 2011) in pursuit of a goal continues to mature throughout adolescence.”
From Neurocognitive bases of emotion regulation development in adolescence (2015) · cites this paper as Gyurak et al., 2011
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Eysenck, H. J. (1985) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(85)90087-7 · Cited by 32,038
“Stress: appraisal and coping,”
Folkman, S. (2013) · Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1005-9_215 · Cited by 27,833
Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions
Stroop, J. R. (1935) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0054651 · Cited by 18,622
An Integrative Theory of Prefrontal Cortex Function
Miller, E. K., & Cohen, J. D. (2001) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.167 · Cited by 12,803
Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.348 · Cited by 11,929 · cited 3×
“By contrast, greater use of suppression was related to a less beneficial profile of emotional functioning (Gross & John, 2003).”
Self-citationThe emerging field of emotion regulation: an integrative review
Gross, J. J. (1998) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.271 · Cited by 9,916
Self-citationEmotion regulation: affective, cognitive, and social consequences.
Gross, J. J. (2002) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1017/s0048577201393198 · Cited by 4,890 · cited 2×
“…cognitive reappraisal, has been shown to result in lower physiological reactivity and less intense emotional experiences than suppression (Gross, 1998b, 2002) and has also been related to lower self-reported emotions in a lab stress and better functional life outcomes in an at-risk…”
Self-citationGross, J. J. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.74.1.224 · Cited by 4,671 · cited 8×
“Our aim is not to provide a comprehensive review of emotion regulation as a field (see Gross, 1998a; Gross & Thompson, 2007; Koole, 2010, for reviews).”
InfluentialSelf-citationThe cognitive control of emotion
OCHSNER, K., & GROSS, J. (2005) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2005.03.010 · Cited by 4,495
Self-citationWyer, R. S., & Srull, T. K. (2014) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315807102 · Cited by 4,211
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Freud, S., 1926. Inhibitions, symptoms and anxiety (The Standard Edition). New York, NY: W. W. Norton; 1926.
- Frijda, N. H., 1987. The emotions [reprint]. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 1987.
- 10.1037/0022-3514.74.1.224 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1037/0882-7974.12.4.590 · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Emotion regulation: current status and future prospects
Gross, J. J. (2015) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2014.940781 · Cited by 5,229
Self-citationThe neural bases of emotion regulation
Etkin, A., Büchel, C., & Gross, J. J. (2015) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn4044 · Cited by 1,244
Self-citationEmotion Regulation and Psychopathology
Sheppes, G., Suri, G., & Gross, J. J. (2015) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032814-112739 · Cited by 1,214
Self-citationEmotion Regulation Flexibility
Aldao, A., Sheppes, G., & Gross, J. J. (2015) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-014-9662-4 · Cited by 981
Self-citationThe Future of Emotion Regulation Research: Capturing Context
Aldao, A. (2013) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691612459518 · Cited by 948
Metadata
- Authors
- Gyurak, A., Gross, J. J., & Etkin, A.
- Affiliations
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System (US)
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gyurak, Anett
- Venue
- Cognition and Emotion
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2011-02-22
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 400-412
- ISSN
- 0269-9931 (ISSN-L)
- 1464-0600
- PMC
- PMC3280343
- OpenAlex
- W2069861759
- Cited by
- 1,015
- References
- 97
- Citations by year
- 2026: 66 · 2025: 82 · 2024: 66 · 2023: 77 · 2022: 83 · 2021: 65 · 2020: 84 · 2019: 95 · 2018: 68 · 2017: 57 · 2016: 72 · 2015: 59 · 2014: 59 · 2013: 44 · 2012: 27
- FWCI
- 22.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Cognition & Emotion (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5t32mh020006-19)
- National Institute of Mental Health (T32MH020006), F32MH086261)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- emotion regulation, implicit emotion regulation, well-being, automatic emotion regulation
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Emotions, Forecasting, Humans, Models, Psychological, Psychomotor Performance, Social Control, Informal, Unconscious, Psychology
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
