Using Neuroscience To Broaden Emotion Regulation: theoretical and methodological considerations
Open accessAbstract
Behavioral research on emotion regulation thus far has focused on conscious and deliberative strategies such as reappraisal. Neuroscience investigations into emotion regulation have followed suit. However, neuroimaging tools now open the door to investigate more automatic forms of emotion regulation that take place incidentally and potentially outside of participant awareness that have previously been difficult to examine. The present paper reviews studies on the neuroscience of intentional/deliberate emotion regulation and identifies opportunities for future directions that have not yet been addressed. The authors suggest a broad framework for emotion regulation that includes both deliberative and incidental forms. This framework allows insights from incidental emotion regulation to address open questions about existing work, and vice versa. Several studies relevant to incidental emotion regulation are reviewed with the goal of providing an empirical and methodological groundwork for future research. Finally, several theoretical issues for incidental and intentional emotion regulation are discussed.
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The dominant neurobiological model of anxiety disorders proposes that amygdala hyperreactivity corresponds to heightened emotional reactivity, while disrupted prefrontal processing corresponds to impaired emotion regulation.
“The prevailing neurobiological model of anxiety disorders posits that amygdala hyperreactivity to fearful or threatening stimuli is associated with heightened emotional reactivity, while disrupted processing in prefrontal regions is linked to impairments in emotional regulation (Berkman and Lieberman, 2009; Freitas-Ferrari et al., 2010; Kim et al., 2011).”
From Treatment for social anxiety disorder alters functional connectivity in emotion regulation neural circuitry (2017) · cites this paper as Berkman and Lieberman, 2009
The Conclusion (page not provided) describes prefrontal involvement in down-regulating the amygdala, and the review section reports greater prefrontal and lower amygdala activity during reappraisal. These passages support the general emotion-regulation circuitry, but they do not present it as the prevailing model of anxiety disorders or establish amygdala hyperreactivity and disrupted prefrontal processing in those disorders. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe finding of increased dACC/dmPFC activation associated with emotion acceptance relative to worry or suppression aligns somewhat with findings for cognitive reappraisal, which have shown a strong correlation between dACC activation during reappraisal and reductions in distress ratings.
“The finding of increased dACC/dmPFC activation associated with emotion acceptance relative to worry or suppression also aligns somewhat with findings for cognitive reappraisal, which have shown a strong correlation between dACC activation during reappraisal and reductions in distress ratings, indicating reappraisal success (Berkman and Lieberman, 2009; Buhle et al., 2014).”
From Neural correlates of emotion acceptance<i>vs</i>worry or suppression in generalized anxiety disorder (2017) · cites this paper as Berkman and Lieberman, 2009
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredNeurobiological models propose that prefrontal cortex regions regulate emotional reactivity in the amygdala through top-down connectivity.
“Neurobiological models suggest that regions of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) are central to regulation of emotional reactivity in the amygdala through top-down connectivity (Berkman & Lieberman, 2009; Brühl, Delsignore, Komossa, & Weidt, 2014).”
From Changes in functional connectivity with cognitive behavioral therapy for social anxiety disorder predict outcomes at follow-up (2020) · cites this paper as Berkman & Lieberman, 2009
CBT and ACT did not differ significantly in symptom reduction.
“no significant difference between CBT and ACT (p = .81), also consistent with [3].”
From Treatment for social anxiety disorder alters functional connectivity in emotion regulation neural circuitry (2017) · cites this paper as [3]
The Review of Neuroscience Investigations of Emotion Regulation compares reappraisal with suppression, while the Broadening Emotion Regulation section discusses how few studies compare regulation strategies. Neither section reports a CBT-versus-ACT symptom-reduction comparison or a p-value of .81 (searched for CBT, ACT, their full names, and the reported p-value). (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredBefore treatment, LSAS-SR scores did not differ significantly by treatment group (CBT, ACT, or WL).
“A one-way ANOVA confirmed no significant differences in LSAS-SR score based on allocation of treatment group (CBT, ACT or WL; F(2, 61) = 2.52, p = .09) prior to beginning of treatment, consistent with results for the full sample of the parent study [3].”
From Treatment for social anxiety disorder alters functional connectivity in emotion regulation neural circuitry (2017) · cites this paper as [3]
The Review of Neuroscience Investigations of Emotion Regulation discusses neural responses to regulation strategies, not baseline scores in a treatment trial. Searches for LSAS-SR, CBT, ACT, waitlist allocation, and baseline group differences found no passage addressing the claimed comparison. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Compared with healthy individuals, patients with social anxiety disorder show disrupted activation in the amygdala and prefrontal cortex.
“patients with SAD show: i) disrupted activation in the amygdala and regions of the prefrontal cortex (for reviews, see Berkman and Lieberman, 2009; Freitas-Ferrari et al., 2010; Kim et al., 2011)”
From Neural connectivity during affect labeling predicts treatment response to psychological therapies for social anxiety disorder. (2019) · cites this paper as Berkman and Lieberman, 2009
The Review of Neuroscience Investigations of Emotion Regulation discusses amygdala and prefrontal activation during emotion-regulation tasks, not differences between patients with social anxiety disorder and healthy individuals. Searches for social anxiety disorder, social phobia, and patient–control comparisons found no passage addressing the clinical claim; the indexed passages provide no page numbers. (LLM, conf=0.75)
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Amygdala reactivity in healthy adults is correlated with prefrontal cortical thickness
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Self-citationCathodal tDCS Over the Left Prefrontal Cortex Diminishes Choice-Induced Preference Change
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Altered emotion regulation capacity in social phobia as a function of comorbidity
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Self-citationStimulus appraisal modulates cardiac reactivity to briefly presented mutilation pictures.
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Intentional and Incidental Self-Control in Ventrolateral PFC
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Self-citationNeural Correlates of Receiving an Apology and Active Forgiveness: An fMRI Study
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Young, K. S., LeBeau, R. T., Niles, A. N., Hsu, K. J., Burklund, L. J., Mesri, B., Saxbe, D., Lieberman, M. D., & Craske, M. G. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.08.016 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“…to healthy individuals, patients with SAD show: i) disrupted activation in the amygdala and regions of the prefrontal cortex (for reviews, see Berkman and Lieberman, 2009; Freitas-Ferrari et al., 2010; Kim et al., 2011) and ii) altered amygdala connectivity with vlPFC (Burklund et al.,…”
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Self-citationIntentional and Incidental Self-Control in Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex
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Neurodevelopmental changes across adolescence in viewing and labeling dynamic peer emotions
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Shifts in frontal asymmetry underlying impulsive and controlled decision-making
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Neural correlates of emotional regulation while viewing films
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Second Language Use Facilitates Implicit Emotion Regulation via Content Labeling
Morawetz, C., Oganian, Y., Schlickeiser, U., Jacobs, A. M., & Heekeren, H. R. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00366 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
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“Neurobiological models suggest that regions of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) are central to regulation of emotional reactivity in the amygdala through top-down connectivity (Berkman and Lieberman, 2009; Brühl, Delsignore, Komossa, and Weidt, 2014).”
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I Can But I Shall Not Always Be Empathic
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Affect labeling: The role of timing and intensity
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Imaging depletion: fMRI provides new insights into the processes underlying ego depletion*
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Concept Expansion as a Source of Empowerment
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Functional Training in the Management of Chronic Facial Paralysis
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- Authors
- Berkman, E. T., & Lieberman, M. D.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Venue
- Social and Personality Psychology Compass
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2009-07
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 475-493
- ISSN
- 1751-9004 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3775274
- OpenAlex
- W2153586209
- Cited by
- 142
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 5.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Social and Personality Psychology Compass (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (F31DA024904)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- emotion regulation, cognitive reappraisal, automatic emotion regulation, neuroimaging of emotion
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