The DOI matches its Crossref record; 26 of the 26 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Measuring emotions during epistemic activities: the Epistemically-Related Emotion Scales
Abstract
Measurement instruments assessing multiple emotions during epistemic activities are largely lacking. We describe the construction and validation of the Epistemically-Related Emotion Scales, which measure surprise, curiosity, enjoyment, confusion, anxiety, frustration, and boredom occurring during epistemic cognitive activities. The instrument was tested in a multinational study of emotions during learning from conflicting texts (N = 438 university students from the United States, Canada, and Germany). The findings document the reliability, internal validity, and external validity of the instrument. A seven-factor model best fit the data, suggesting that epistemically-related emotions should be conceptualised in terms of discrete emotion categories, and the scales showed metric invariance across the North American and German samples. Furthermore, emotion scores changed over time as a function of conflicting task information and related significantly to perceived task value and use of cognitive and metacognitive learning strategies.
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In the citing paper
“predicting has repeatedly been shown to reliably induce both curiosity and surprise, which can be classified as epistemic emotions (Pekrun et al., 2017).”
From Predicting as a learning strategy (2021) · cites this paper as Pekrun et al., 2017
In the citing paper
“Control-value theory (Pekrun, 2006;Pekrun et al., 2017) describes how such emotions codetermine what are termed achievement behaviors-behaviors that are conducive to the achievement of academic goals.”
From Motivation-Achievement Cycles in Learning: a Literature Review and Research Agenda (2022) · cites this paper as Pekrun et al., 2017
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Cites
Sensitivity of Goodness of Fit Indexes to Lack of Measurement Invariance
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Expectancy-value theory of achievement motivation
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Reliability and Predictive Validity of the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (Mslq)
Pintrich, P. R., Smith, D. A. F., Garcia, T., & Mckeachie, W. J. (1993) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164493053003024 · Cited by 3,646
International Handbook of Emotions in Education
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The dynamic architecture of emotion: Evidence for the component process model
Scherer, K. R. (2009) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930902928969 · Cited by 1,553
Pekrun, R. H., Goetz, T., Daniels, L. M., Stupnisky, R. H., & Perry, R. P. (2010) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0019243 · Cited by 1,330
Self-citationExpectancy-value theory of achievement motivation: A developmental perspective
Wigfield, A. (1994) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/bf02209024 · Cited by 1,305
Dynamics of affective states during complex learning
D’Mello, S. K., & Graesser, A. C. (2011) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2011.10.001 · Cited by 1,101
Kang, M. J., Hsu, M., Krajbich, I. M., Loewenstein, G., McClure, S. M., Wang, J. T.-Y., & Camerer, C. F. (2009) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02402.x · Cited by 882 · cited 3×
“…for the arousal of epistemic emotions is discrepant information and appraisals of cognitive incongruity that can trigger surprise and curiosity (Kang et al., 2009), confusion, frustration, and boredom when the incongruity cannot be resolved (D’Mello & Graesser, 2012; D’Mello et al., 2014),…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialConfusion can be beneficial for learning.
D'Mello, S. K., Lehman, B. A., Pekrun, R., & Graesser, A. (2014) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2012.05.003 · Cited by 782
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Activity Achievement Emotions and Academic Performance: A Meta-analysis
Camacho-Morles, J., Slemp, G. R., Pekrun, R., Loderer, K., Hou, H., & Oades, L. G. (2021) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-020-09585-3 · Cited by 475
Self-citationControl-Value Theory: From Achievement Emotion to a General Theory of Human Emotions
Pekrun, R. H. (2024) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-024-09909-7 · Cited by 595
Self-citationStockinger, K., Pekrun, R. H., & Lester, J. C. (2018) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2018.08.002 · Cited by 448
Self-citationMeyer, J., Jansen, T., Schiller, R., Liebenow, L. W., Steinbach, M., Horbach, A., & Fleckenstein, J. (2024) · Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.caeai.2023.100199 · Cited by 311
A three-dimensional taxonomy of achievement emotions.
Pekrun, R. H., Marsh, H. W., Elliot, A. J., Stockinger, K., Perry, R. P., Vogl, E., Goetz, T., van Tilburg, W. A. P., Lüdtke, O., & Vispoel, W. P. (2022) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000448 · Cited by 390
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Metadata
- Authors
- Pekrun, R., Vogl, E., Muis, K. R., & Sinatra, G. M.
- Affiliations
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (DE)
- McGill University (CA)
- University of Southern California (US)
- Corresponding author
- Pekrun, Reinhard
- Venue
- Cognition and Emotion
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2016-07-22
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1268-1276
- ISSN
- 0269-9931 (ISSN-L)
- 1464-0600
- OpenAlex
- W2484079420
- Cited by
- 373
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 51 · 2025: 68 · 2024: 51 · 2023: 47 · 2022: 45 · 2021: 39 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 23.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Cognition & Emotion (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Bank (Australian Catholic University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Munich (VII.1-H172.10)
- Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC 410-2011-0182)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Psychological and Educational Research Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Education, Achievement, and Giftedness
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Keywords
- emotion measurement, surprise, curiosity, enjoyment, confusion, anxiety, frustration, boredom, metacognitive strategies, cognitive strategies, perceived task value, metric invariance, scale validation
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Cognition, Emotions, Female, Humans, Male, Models, Psychological, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Young Adult
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