The DOI matches its Crossref record; 7 of the 7 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Evidence for the Distinctness of Embarrassment, Shame, and Guilt: A Study of Recalled Antecedents and Facial Expressions of Emotion
Abstract
Following proposals regarding the criteria for differentiating emotions, the current investigation examined whether the antecedents and facial expressions of embarrassment, shame, and guilt are distinct. In Study 1, participants wrote down events that had caused them to feel embarrassment, shame, and guilt. Coding of these events revealed that embarrassment was associated with transgressions of conventions that govern public interactions, shame with the failure to meet important personal standards, and guilt with actions that harm others or violate duties. Study 2 determined whether these three emotions are distinct in another domain of emotion-namely, facial expression. Observers were presented with slides of 14 different facial expressions, including those of embarrassment, shame, and candidates of guilt (self-contempt, sympathy, and pain). Observers accurately identified the expressions of embarrassment and shame, but did not reliably label any expression as guilt.
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Lazarus, R. S. (1991) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195069945.001.0001 · Cited by 12,691
An argument for basic emotions
Ekman, P. (1992) · Cognition and Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699939208411068 · Cited by 9,646
Cultural variations in emotions: A review.
Mesquita, B., & Frijda, N. H. (1992) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.112.2.179 · Cited by 1,084
(1984) · doi:10.4324/9781315798806-24 · Cited by 1,061
Nonverbal behavior and self-presentation.
DePaulo, B. M. (1992) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037//0033-2909.111.2.203 · Cited by 890
Signs of appeasement: Evidence for the distinct displays of embarrassment, amusement, and shame.
Keltner, D. (1995) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.68.3.441 · Cited by 718 · cited 10×
“It was hypothesised that embarrassment and shame would indeed have distinct facial displays, consistent with the appeasement function attributed to these emotions (e.g. Castelfranchi & Poggi, 1990; Keltner, 1995; Miller & Leary, 1992).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationFacial coloration and temperature responses in blushing
Shearn, D., Bergman, E., Hill, K., Abel, A., & Hinds, L. (1990) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1990.tb03194.x · Cited by 97
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Moral Emotions and Moral Behavior
Tangney, J. P., Stuewig, J., & Mashek, D. J. (2007) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.56.091103.070145 · Cited by 3,222
DePaulo, B. M., Lindsay, J. J., Malone, B. E., Muhlenbruck, L., Charlton, K., & Cooper, H. (2003) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.1.74 · Cited by 2,479
The grateful disposition: A conceptual and empirical topography.
McCullough, M. E., Emmons, R. A., & Tsang, J.-A. (2002) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.82.1.112 · Cited by 3,664
Compassion: an evolutionary analysis and empirical review
Goetz, J. L., Keltner, D., & Simon-Thomas, E. (2010) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0018807 · Cited by 2,200
Self-citationOn the universality and cultural specificity of emotion recognition: a meta-analysis
Elfenbein, H. A., & Ambady, N. (2002) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.128.2.203 · Cited by 2,049
Metadata
- Authors
- Keltner, D.
- Venue
- Cognition & Emotion
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 1996-03
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 155-172
- ISSN
- 0269-9931 (ISSN-L)
- 1464-0600
- OpenAlex
- W2051419616
- Cited by
- 450
- References
- 7
- FWCI
- 10.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
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- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Evidence for the Distinctness of Embarrassment, Shame, and Guilt: A Study of Recalled Antecedents and Facial Expressions of Emotion. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1080/026999396380312
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- Keltner, D. (1996). Evidence for the Distinctness of Embarrassment, Shame, and Guilt: A Study of Recalled Antecedents and Facial Expressions of Emotion. Cognition & Emotion. https://doi.org/10.1080/026999396380312
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Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
