Truth and Decolonization: Filling the Educator Achievement Gap Darn It!
Abstract
Public attention on the systemic oppression of Indigenous people in Canadian Residential Schools raised by the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) marks a possible turning point for Canada to enter a respectful relationship with First Nations. Calls for widespread education initiatives that promote Indigenous perspectives indicate a path to reconciliation. However, access to this path is obstructed by two barriers: 1) recurring colonial approaches to enacting Indigenous education policies; and 2) teachers’ bewilderment upon facing such a steep learning curve. In an attempt to overcome these barriers, I designed a workshop to assist educators and I approached teachers to engage on a grassroots level. The workshop developed from a combination of critical policy analysis and autoethnography to provide an accessible overview of Canada’s legacy of colonialism. Delivery of the workshop revealed participants’ readiness to learn about colonization in Canada, while exposing the need for capacity building within the Ontario public education system for Indigenous leadership to direct TRC initiatives.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Maintaining the invisibility of Indigenous voices in Canadian schools affirms the assimilatory goals of residential schools and strengthens limiting stereotypes of Indigenous people founded in settlers' imaginations.
“According to Csontos (2019), 'maintaining the invisibility of Indigenous voices in Canadian schools affirms the assimilatory goals of residential schools and strengthens limiting ste -reotypes of Indigenous people that are founded in the imaginations of settlers' (p. 167).”
From Education Leadership in K-12 Systems from a Métis Worldview: Infusing Education Leadership with an Understanding of Wâhkôhtowin (2025) · cites this paper as Csontos, 2019
Evidence of the need for a direct connection to Indigeneity within the education leadership framework was provided by Csontos's (2019) recounting of a principal leadership program in Ontario with no Indigenous content or reference to colonialism while including a video that denigrated Indigenous knowledge.
“Evidence of the need for a direct connection to 'Indigeneity' within the education leadership framework was provided by Csontos's (2019) recounting of a recent personal experience attending a principal leadership program in Ontario in which there was no Indigenous content or reference to colonialism, while also including a video as part of the program in which a statement was made that denigrated”
From Education Leadership in K-12 Systems from a Métis Worldview: Infusing Education Leadership with an Understanding of Wâhkôhtowin (2025) · cites this paper as Csontos, 2019
This learning needs to be led by Indigenous people and supported by educational leaders.
“As I learned from the experience of Csontos (2019), this learning needs to be led by Indigenous people and supported by educational leaders.”
From Education Leadership in K-12 Systems from a Métis Worldview: Infusing Education Leadership with an Understanding of Wâhkôhtowin (2025) · cites this paper as Csontos, 2019
Cites
Coulthard, G. S., & Alfred, T. (2010) · University of Minnesota Press eBooks · doi:10.5749/9781452942421 · Cited by 4,042 · see citing works
(2008) · Cross Connect (Southern Cross University) · Cited by 3,517 · see citing works
Policy Implementation and Cognition: Reframing and Refocusing Implementation Research
Spillane, J. P., Reiser, B. J., & Reimer, T. (2002) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/00346543072003387 · Cited by 1,923 · see citing works
Toward a Tribal Critical Race Theory in Education
Brayboy, B. M. J. (2005) · The Urban Review · doi:10.1007/s11256-005-0018-y · Cited by 1,265 · see citing works
Coburn, C. E. (2001) · Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis · doi:10.3102/01623737023002145 · Cited by 1,190 · see citing works
Windschitl, M. (2002) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/00346543072002131 · Cited by 1,121 · see citing works
Red Skin, White Masks: Rejecting the Colonial Politics of Recognition
Hallenbeck, J., Krebs, M., Hunt, S., Goonewardena, K., Kipfer, S. A., Pasternak, S., & Coulthard, G. S. (2016) · The AAG Review of Books · doi:10.1080/2325548x.2016.1146013 · Cited by 968 · see citing works
Report of the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples
Canadá (1996) · Cited by 763 · see citing works
Shaping Teacher Sensemaking: School Leaders and the Enactment of Reading Policy
Coburn, C. E. (2005) · Educational Policy · doi:10.1177/0895904805276143 · Cited by 694 · see citing works
"A national crime" : the Canadian government and the residential school system, 1879 to 1986
Milloy, J. S. (1999) · Cited by 562 · see citing works
Spillane, J. P. (1999) · Journal of Curriculum Studies · doi:10.1080/002202799183205 · Cited by 551 · see citing works
A National Crime: The Canadian Government and the Residential School System
Milloy, J. S. (1999) · doi:10.1515/9780887553035 · Cited by 374 · see citing works
New Directions for Student Services
(2006) · New Directions for Student Services · doi:10.1002/(issn)1536-0695 · Cited by 346 · see citing works
(1998) · Cited by 290 · see citing works
Empowerment as a Pedagogy of Possibility
Simon, R. I. (1987) · Language Arts · doi:10.58680/la198725523 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Maguire, M., Braun, A. F., & Ball, S. J. (2014) · Discourse Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education · doi:10.1080/01596306.2014.977022 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Spillane, J. P., & Jennings, N. (1997) · Teachers College Record The Voice of Scholarship in Education · doi:10.1177/016146819709800303 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Reconciling Canada: critical perspectives on the culture of redress
(2013) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.51-0469 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Healing Traditions: The Mental Health of Aboriginal Peoples in Canada
Kirmayer (2009) · Cited by 165 · see citing works
(2024) · SAGE Publications Ltd eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781529695977 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Braiding Histories: Learning from Aboriginal People’s Experiences and Perspectives
Dion, S. D. (2009) · doi:10.59962/9780774815192 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Goulet, L. M., & Goulet, K. (2014) · University of British Columbia Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9780774827591 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Walters, K. L., Evans‐Campbell, T., Simoni, J. M., Ronquillo, T., & Bhuyan, R. (2006) · Journal of Lesbian Studies · doi:10.1300/j155v10n01_07 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
:The Jesuit Relations: Natives and Missionaries in Seventeenth-Century North America
Schwaller, J. F. (2001) · Sixteenth Century Journal · doi:10.2307/3649000 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Native American men-women, lesbians, two-spirits: Contemporary and historical perspectives
Lang, S. (2016) · Journal of Lesbian Studies · doi:10.1080/10894160.2016.1148966 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Freire, Conscientization, and Adult Education
Lloyd, A. S. (1972) · Adult Education · doi:10.1177/074171367202300101 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
An Analysis of Ontario Aboriginal Education Policy: Critical and interpretive perspectives
Cherubini, L. (2010) · McGill Journal of Education / Revue des sciences de l'éducation de McGill · doi:10.7202/1000027ar · Cited by 37 · see citing works
La Salle and the discovery of the Great West
Parkman, F. (1891) · Cited by 32 · see citing works
The Treaties of Canada with the Indians of Manitoba and the North-West Territories
Morris, A. (2014) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139839440 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Discovery and Exploration of the Mississippi Valley
Brown, R. M., Shea, J. G., Cavelier, Cosme, S., Sueur, L., Gravier, & Guignas (1913) · Bulletin of the American Geographical Society · doi:10.2307/199276 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Native American Two-Spirit Men
Tafoya, T., & Wirth, D. (1996) · Sexual and Gender Diversity in Social Services · doi:10.1300/j041v05n02_03 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Handbook history of the town of York, from early times to the present
Moody, E. C. (2009) · DigitalCommons (California Polytechnic State University) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 35 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Mapping Approaches to Decolonizing and Indigenizing the Curriculum at Canadian Universities
Brunette-Debassige, C., Wakeham, P., Graeme, C. S., Haque, A., & Chitty, S. M. (2022) · International Indigenous Policy Journal · doi:10.18584/iipj.2022.13.3.14109 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Reconciling Relationships with the Land through Land Acknowledgements
McGregor, D., & Nelson, E. (2022) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003199816-12 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Chaulk, D. (2025) · Canadian Journal of Education / Revue canadienne de l éducation · doi:10.53967/cje-rce.7521 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Robinson, D., Harenberg, S., Marshall, T., Rogers, S., Jutras, M., Hall, N., & Walters, W. (2026) · International Journal of Circumpolar Health · doi:10.1080/22423982.2026.2656073
Students’ knowledge and perceptions of Indigenous peoples and cultures
Varis, D. D., Samaranayake, R., & Miller, T. (2026) · Diaspora Indigenous and Minority Education · doi:10.1080/15595692.2026.2669085
- Authors
- Csontos, J.
- Affiliations
- York University (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Csontos, Janet
- Venue
- American Review of Canadian Studies
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2019-01-02
- Volume
- 49
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 150-186
- ISSN
- 0272-2011 (ISSN-L)
- 1943-9954
- OpenAlex
- W2942231620
- Cited by
- 5
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 1
- FWCI
- 0.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The American Review of Canadian Studies (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Indigenous Health, Education, and Rights
- Social Sciences › Education › Indigenous and Place-Based Education
- Social Sciences › Cultural Studies › Migration, Education, Indigenous Social Dynamics
- Keywords
- Truth and Reconciliation Commission, decolonization, indigenous education, residential schools, colonialism, teacher professional development, Indigenous perspectives, reconciliation, indigenous leadership, capacity building, First Nations, teacher workshops
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review