Research-based implications from extensive early reading interventions
Abstract
A synthesis of the extant research on extensive early reading interventions for students with reading difficulties and disabilities is provided. Findings from 18 studies published between 1995 and 2005 revealed positive outcomes for students participating in extensive interventions. Results indicated higher effects for studies providing intervention to students in the smallest group sizes as well as providing intervention early (grades K–1). No differences in overall outcomes were revealed between studies implementing highly standardized interventions or interventions with less standardized implementation. Implications for practice and future research are discussed.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Studies of reading interventions for readers behind grade level have found diminishing effects of intervention after age 9 (or grade 3).
“studies of reading interventions for readers behind grade level have found diminishing effects of intervention after age 9 (or grade 3)”
From Does puberty mark a transition in sensitive periods for plasticity in the associative neocortex? (2017) · cites this paper as Wanzek and Vaughn, 2007
Cites
Learning to read and write: A longitudinal study of 54 children from first through fourth grades.
Juel, C. (1988) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.80.4.437 · Cited by 1,925 · see citing works
Reading instruction that works: the case for balanced teaching
(1998) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.36-1108 · Cited by 1,017 · see citing works
How Psychological Science Informs the Teaching of Reading
Rayner, K., Foorman, B. R., Perfetti, C. A., Pesetsky, D., & Seidenberg, M. S. (2001) · Gothic.net · doi:10.1111/1529-1006.00004 · Cited by 955 · see citing works
Fuchs, D., Mock, D., Morgan, P. L., & Young, C. L. (2003) · Learning Disabilities Research & Practice · doi:10.1111/1540-5826.00072 · Cited by 868 · cited 2× · see citing works
“As RTI implementation has increased over the past few years, questions related to the relative effectiveness of standardized and problem-solving protocols for intervention have arisen (Fuchs et al., 2003; National Association of State Directors of Special Education, 2005).”
BackgroundFrancis, D. J., Shaywitz, S. E., Stuebing, K. K., Shaywitz, B. A., & Fletcher, J. M. (1996) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.88.1.3 · Cited by 802 · see citing works
Vaughn, S. R., & Fuchs, L. S. (2003) · Learning Disabilities Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/1540-5826.00070 · Cited by 786 · see citing works
Self-citationTorgesen, J. K., Wagner, R. K., Rashotte, C. A., Rose, E., Lindamood, P. C., Conway, T. W., & Garvan, C. W. (1999) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.91.4.579 · Cited by 719 · see citing works
The voice of evidence in reading research.
McCardle, P., & Chhabra, V. (2004) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 540 · see citing works
Response to Instruction as a Means of Identifying Students with Reading/Learning Disabilities
Vaughn, S. R., Linan‐Thompson, S., & Hickman, P. (2003) · Exceptional Children · doi:10.1177/001440290306900401 · Cited by 515 · see citing works
Self-citationBehavioral consultation and therapy
Bergan, J. R., & Kratochwill, T. R. (1990) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 511 · see citing works
Schneider, W., Roth, E., & Ennemoser, M. (2000) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.92.2.284 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
Kratochwill, T. R., & Stoiber, K. C. (2002) · School Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1521/scpq.17.4.341.20872 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
National Association of State Directors of Special Education
Hagerty, G. J. (2008) · Encyclopedia of Special Education · doi:10.1002/9780470373699.speced1432 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Lyon, G. R. (1995) · Journal of Child Neurology · doi:10.1177/08830738950100s126 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Gunn, B., Biglan, A., Smolkowski, K., & Ary, D. V. (2000) · The Journal of Special Education · doi:10.1177/002246690003400204 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Wanzek, J., Vaughn, S., Wexler, J., Swanson, E. A., Edmonds, M., & Kim, A.-H. (2006) · Journal of Learning Disabilities · doi:10.1177/00222194060390060501 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Self-citationEarly Interventions for Children With Reading Disabilities
Foorman, B. R., Francis, D. J., Winikates, D., Mehta, P. D., Schatschneider, C. W., & Fletcher, J. M. (1997) · Scientific Studies of Reading · doi:10.1207/s1532799xssr0103_5 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
An Assessment of Early Steps: A Program for Early Intervention of Reading Problems
Santa, C. M., & Høien, T. (1999) · Reading Research Quarterly · doi:10.1598/rrq.34.1.4 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
The Interactive Strategies approach to reading intervention
Vellutino, F. R., & Scanlon, D. M. (2002) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0361-476x(02)00002-4 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Learning Disabilities Identification
Reschly, D. J. (2005) · Journal of Learning Disabilities · doi:10.1177/00222194050380060601 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Social Skills Interventions for Young Children with Disabilities
Vaughn, S. R., Kim, A.-H., Sloan, C. V. M., Hughes, M. T., Elbaum, B. E., & Sridhar, D. (2003) · Remedial and Special Education · doi:10.1177/074193250302400101 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Self-citationCommunity-Based Early Reading Intervention for At-Risk First Graders.
Vadasy, P. F. (1997) · Learning Disabilities Research and Practice · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Labels Needn't Stick: "At-Risk" First Graders Rescued With Appropriate Intervention
Dev, P. C., Doyle, B. A., & Valente, B. (2002) · Journal of Education for Students Placed at Risk (JESPAR) · doi:10.1207/s15327671espr0703_3 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Does puberty mark a transition in sensitive periods for plasticity in the associative neocortex?
Piekarski, D. J., Johnson, C. M., Boivin, J. R., Thomas, A. W., Lin, W. C., Delevich, K., M. Galarce, E., & Wilbrecht, L. (2017) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2016.08.042 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Dietrichson, J., Filges, T., Seerup, J. K., Klokker, R. H., Viinholt, B. C. A., Bøg, M., & Eiberg, M. (2021) · Campbell Systematic Reviews: Better Evidence for a Better World · doi:10.1002/cl2.1152 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
McCombs, J., Pane, J., Augustine, C., Schwartz, H., Martorell, P., & Zakaras, L. (2014) · doi:10.7249/rr815 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Austin, C. R., Wanzek, J., Scammacca, N. K., Vaughn, S., Gesel, S. A., Donegan, R. E., & Engelmann, M. L. (2019) · Exceptional Children · doi:10.1177/0014402918796164 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Wanzek, J., & Vaughn, S.
- Affiliations
- Florida State University (US)
- The University of Texas at Austin (US)
- Corresponding author
- Wanzek, Jeanne
- Venue
- School Psychology Review
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2007-12-01
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 541-561
- ISSN
- 0279-6015 (ISSN-L)
- 2372-966X
- OpenAlex
- W142473226
- Cited by
- 424
- References
- 23
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 36 · 2021: 50 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 32 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 32
- FWCI
- 15.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- School Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Behavioral and Psychological Studies
- Social Sciences › Education › Early Childhood Education and Development
- Keywords
- reading intervention, reading difficulties, students with disabilities, early intervention, group size, intervention timing, intervention fidelity
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review