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Culture in psychiatric epidemiology: Using ethnography and multiple mediator models to assess the relationship of caste with depression and anxiety in Nepal
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: The causes of ethnic and caste-based disparities in mental health are poorly understood. AIM: The study aimed to identify mediators underlying caste-based disparities in mental health in Nepal. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A mixed methods ethnographic and epidemiological study of 307 adults (Dalit/Nepali, n=75; high caste Brahman and Chhetri, n=232) was assessed with Nepali versions of Beck Depression (BDI) and Anxiety (BAI) Inventories. RESULTS: One-third (33.7%) of participants were classified as depressed: Dalit/Nepali 50.0%, high caste 28.4%. One quarter (27.7%) of participants were classified as anxious: Dalit/Nepali 50.7%, high caste 20.3%. Ethnographic research identified four potential mediators: Stressful life events, owning few livestock, no household income, and lack of social support. The direct effect of caste was 1.08 (95% CI -1.10-3.27) on depression score and 4.76 (95% CI 2.33-7.19) on anxiety score. All four variables had significant indirect (mediation) effects on anxiety, and all but social support had significant indirect effects on depression. CONCLUSION: Caste-based disparities in mental health in rural Nepal are statistically mediated by poverty, lack of social support, and stressful life events. Interventions should target these areas to alleviate the excess mental health burden born by Dalit/Nepali women and men.
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Metadata
- Authors
- Kohrt, B. A., Speckman, R. A., Kunz, R. D., Baldwin, J. L., Upadhaya, N., Acharya, N. R., Sharma, V. D., Nepal, M. K., & Worthman, C. M.
- Affiliations
- Emory University (US)
- Virginia Commonwealth University (US)
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- Transcultural Psychosocial Organization (TPO) Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal
- Tribhuvan University (NP)
- Corresponding author
- Kohrt, Brandon A.
- Venue
- Annals of Human Biology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2009-01-01
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 261-280
- ISSN
- 0301-4460 (ISSN-L)
- 1464-5033
- PMC
- PMC3907946
- OpenAlex
- W2127351918
- Cited by
- 136
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 7.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Annals of Human Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (F31MH075584)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History › South Asian Studies and Diaspora
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Keywords
- Brahman, depression, anxiety, social support, poverty, life events, livestock ownership, rural Nepal, mediation
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Age Factors, Animal Husbandry, Anthropology, Cultural, Anxiety, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depression, Female, Humans, Life Change Events, Male, Marriage, Models, Psychological, Nepal, Personality Inventory, Poverty, Psychological Tests, Risk Factors, Sex Factors, Social Class, Social Support, Socioeconomic Factors, Stress, Psychological, Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic
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