Mediation Analysis

MacKinnon, David P.; Fairchild, Amanda J.; Fritz, Matthew S.

doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085542

Cited by 5,688Advanced Causal Inference TechniquesStatistical Methods and Bayesian InferencePsychometric Methodologies and Testing

Mediation Analysis

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MacKinnon, David P., Fairchild, Amanda J., Fritz, Matthew S.·2007·Annual Review of Psychology

DOI 10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085542PMC PMC2819368

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Abstract

Abstract Mediating variables are prominent in psychological theory and research. A mediating variable transmits the effect of an independent variable on a dependent variable. Differences between mediating variables and confounders, moderators, and covariates are outlined. Statistical methods to assess mediation and modern comprehensive approaches are described. Future directions for mediation analysis are discussed.

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Extending a baseline model by adding further mediating factors provides an indirect way to study the role of different mechanisms in a mediation analysis.
“As noted in the previous section, extending a baseline model by adding further mediating factors provides an indirect way to study the role of different mechanisms in a mediation analysis (MacKinnon et al., 2007).”
From Improving the evidence base: A methodological review of the quantitative climate migration literature (2021) · cites this paper as MacKinnon et al., 2007
A change in outcome may result from changes in unique sets of potential mediators for different people.
“Likewise, a change in outcome may result from changes in unique sets of potential mediators for different people (MacKinnon et al., 2007).”
From Mediators during a Multimodal intervention for stress-induced exhaustion disorder (2024) · cites this paper as MacKinnon et al., 2007
The self-monitoring app control condition was designed to minimize credibility and expectancy effects, prevent regression to the mean, and avoid potential overestimation of effect sizes commonly observed in no-treatment or waitlist control groups.
“The aim of the SM was to minimize credibility and expectancy effects, prevent regression to the mean, and avoid potential overestimation of effect sizes commonly observed in no-treatment/waitlist control groups [51].”
From Treatment condition as a moderator and change in trait mindfulness as a mediator of a brief mindfulness ecological momentary intervention for generalized anxiety disorder (2024) · cites this paper as [51]
Mediation testing follows established rules and can be tested with a series of regression analyses.
“Mediation testing follows established rules [2, 17] and can be tested with a series of regression analyses.”
From What are the Implications of Excessive Internet Searches for Medical Information by Orthopaedic Patients? (2019) · cites this paper as [17]
Mediation analysis is commonly used in social psychology to improve understanding of the relationship between psychological variables and identify potential targets for interventions.
“Mediation analysis is commonly used in social psychology to improve understanding of the relationship between psychological variables and identify potential targets for interventions [17].”
From What are the Implications of Excessive Internet Searches for Medical Information by Orthopaedic Patients? (2019) · cites this paper as [17]

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Petrosino, A. J. (2000) · Evaluation Review · doi:10.1177/0193841x0002400102 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Mediating Variable
MacKinnon, D. P. (2001) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b0-08-043076-7/00732-4 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citation
Scientific Methods for Prevention Intervention Research: NIDA Research Monograph 139
Cázares, A., & Beatty, L. A. (1994) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e495892006-001 · Cited by 16 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

Sorted by citations

Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) Using R: A Workbook
Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., Sarstedt, M., Danks, N. P., & Ray, S. (2021) · Classroom Companion: Business · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-80519-7 · Cited by 10,343 · see citing works
Beyond Baron and Kenny: Statistical Mediation Analysis in the New Millennium
Hayes, A. F. (2009) · Communication Monographs · doi:10.1080/03637750903310360 · Cited by 9,757 · see citing works
An index and test of linear moderated mediation
Hayes, A. F. (2015) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1080/00273171.2014.962683 · Cited by 3,979 · see citing works
Mediation Analysis in Social Psychology: Current Practices and New Recommendations
Rucker, D. D., Preacher, K. J., Tormala, Z. L., & Petty, R. E. (2011) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2011.00355.x · Cited by 2,430 · see citing works
Causal inference in statistics: An overview
Pearl, J. (2009) · Statistics Surveys · doi:10.1214/09-ss057 · Cited by 2,336 · see citing works
“…) = ∑ z E(Y |x, z)[P (z|x′)− P (z|x)] (52) This expression deserves the label Mediation Formula, due to its pivotal role in mediation analysis (Imai et al., 2008), which has been a thorny issue in several sciences (Shrout and Bolger, 2002; MacKinnon et al., 2007; Mortensen et al., 2009).”
Background
Latent Variable Modeling of Differences and Changes with Longitudinal Data
McArdle, J. J. (2009) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163612 · Cited by 1,952 · see citing works
RMediation: An R package for mediation analysis confidence intervals
Tofighi, D., & MacKinnon, D. P. (2011) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-011-0076-x · Cited by 1,419 · see citing works
Self-citation
Mendelian randomisation for mediation analysis: current methods and challenges for implementation
Carter, A. R., Sanderson, E., Hammerton, G., Richmond, R. C., Davey Smith, G., Heron, J., Taylor, A. E., Davies, N. M., & Howe, L. D. (2021) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s10654-021-00757-1 · Cited by 1,215 · see citing works
A global synthesis reveals biodiversity-mediated benefits for crop production
Dainese, M., Martin, E. A., Aizen, M. A., Albrecht, M., Bartomeus, I., Bommarco, R., Carvalheiro, L. G., Chaplin-Kramer, R., Gagic, V., Garibaldi, L. A., et al. (2019) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aax0121 · Cited by 1,070 · see citing works
Aerobic fitness is associated with hippocampal volume in elderly humans
Erickson, K. I., Prakash, R. S., Voss, M. W., Chaddock, L., Hu, L., Morris, K. S., White, S. M., Wójcicki, T. R., McAuley, E., & Kramer, A. F. (2009) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.20547 · Cited by 1,007 · see citing works
The relationship between physical and mental health: A mediation analysis
Ohrnberger, J., Fichera, E., & Sutton, M. (2017) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.11.008 · Cited by 967 · see citing works
The Role of Common Factors in Psychotherapy Outcomes
Cuijpers, P., Reijnders, M., & Huibers, M. J. H. (2019) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050718-095424 · Cited by 748 · see citing works
An Introduction to Causal Inference
Pearl, J. (2010) · The International Journal of Biostatistics · doi:10.2202/1557-4679.1203 · Cited by 755 · see citing works
Successful behavior change in obesity interventions in adults: a systematic review of self-regulation mediators
Teixeira, P. J., Carraça, E. V., Marques, M. M., Rutter, H., Oppert, J.-M., De Bourdeaudhuij, I., Lakerveld, J., & Brug, J. (2015) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-015-0323-6 · Cited by 711 · see citing works
The information content of annual earnings announcements and mandatory adoption of IFRS
Landsman, W. R., Maydew, E. L., & Thornock, J. R. (2012) · Journal of Accounting and Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jacceco.2011.04.002 · Cited by 681 · see citing works
A neuroimaging investigation of the association between aerobic fitness, hippocampal volume, and memory performance in preadolescent children
Chaddock, L., Erickson, K. I., Prakash, R. S., Kim, J. S., Voss, M. W., VanPatter, M., Pontifex, M. B., Raine, L. B., Konkel, A., Hillman, C. H., et al. (2010) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2010.08.049 · Cited by 687 · see citing works
Determinants of eating behaviour in university students: a qualitative study using focus group discussions
Deliens, T., Clarys, P., De Bourdeaudhuij, I., & Deforche, B. (2014) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-53 · Cited by 633 · see citing works
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor is associated with age-related decline in hippocampal volume.
Erickson, K. I., Prakash, R. S., Voss, M. W., Chaddock, L., Heo, S., McLaren, M., Pence, B. D., Martin, S. A., Vieira, V. J., Woods, J. A., et al. (2010) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.6251-09.2010 · Cited by 604 · see citing works
Big data analytics capability and decision-making: The role of data-driven insight on circular economy performance
Awan, U., Shamim, S., Khan, Z., Zia, N. U., Shariq, S. M., & Khan, M. N. (2021) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2021.120766 · Cited by 571 · see citing works
“We further tested whether there was a full mediation relationship or a partial mediation relationship, following the guidelines of MacKinnon et al. (2007).”
Method
How does pain lead to disability? A systematic review and meta-analysis of mediation studies in people with back and neck pain
Lee, H., Hübscher, M., Moseley, G. L., Kamper, S. J., Traeger, A. C., Mansell, G., & McAuley, J. H. (2015) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000146 · Cited by 526 · see citing works
Seeing everyone else’s highlight reels: how Facebook usage is linked to depressive symptoms.
Steers, M.-L. N., Wickham, R. E., & Acitelli, L. K. (2014) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2014.33.8.701 · Cited by 535 · see citing works
Simpson's paradox in psychological science: a practical guide
Kievit, R. A., Frankenhuis, W. E., Waldorp, L. J., & Borsboom, D. (2013) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00513 · Cited by 542 · see citing works
The development of compassionate engagement and action scales for self and others
Gilbert, P., Catarino, F., Duarte, C., Matos, M., Kolts, R., Stubbs, J., Ceresatto, L., Duarte, J., Pinto-Gouveia, J., & Basran, J. (2017) · Journal of Compassionate Health Care · doi:10.1186/s40639-017-0033-3 · Cited by 527 · see citing works
A Longitudinal Study of How Quality Mentorship and Research Experience Integrate Underrepresented Minorities into STEM Careers
Estrada, M., Hernandez, P. R., & Schultz, P. W. (2018) · CBE—Life Sciences Education · doi:10.1187/cbe.17-04-0066 · Cited by 507 · see citing works
The path taken: Consequences of attaining intrinsic and extrinsic aspirations in post-college life
Niemiec, C. P., Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2009) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2008.09.001 · Cited by 509 · see citing works
“However, MacKinnon, Fairchild, and Fritz (2007) stated that, in the basic autoregressive model, the relations of the Time 1 constructs to the corresponding Time 2 constructs must be specified, as well as covariances between the Time 1 constructs and the residual variances of the Time 2 constructs.”
Background
To assess, to control, to exclude: Effects of biobehavioral factors on circulating inflammatory markers
O’Connor, M.-F., Bower, J. E., Cho, H. J., Creswell, J. D., Dimitrov, S., Hamby, M. E., Hoyt, M. A., Martin, J. L., Robles, T. F., Sloan, E. K., et al. (2009) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2009.04.005 · Cited by 500 · see citing works
Psychosocial stress induces working memory impairments in an n-back paradigm.
Schoofs, D., Preuß, D., & Wolf, O. T. (2008) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.02.004 · Cited by 483 · see citing works
Mode and place of delivery, gastrointestinal microbiota, and their influence on asthma and atopy
van Nimwegen, F. A., Penders, J., Stobberingh, E. E., Postma, D. S., Koppelman, G. H., Kerkhof, M., Reijmerink, N. E., Dompeling, E., van den Brandt, P. A., Ferreira, I., et al. (2011) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2011.07.027 · Cited by 493 · see citing works
Measuring Engagement in eHealth and mHealth Behavior Change Interventions: Viewpoint of Methodologies
Short, C. E., DeSmet, A., Woods, C., Williams, S. L., Maher, C., Middelweerd, A., Müller, A. M., Wark, P. A., Vandelanotte, C., Poppe, L., et al. (2018) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.9397 · Cited by 400 · see citing works
Teaching acceptance and mindfulness to improve the lives of the obese: a preliminary test of a theoretical model
Lillis, J., Hayes, S. C., Bunting, K., & Masuda, A. (2009) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-009-9083-x · Cited by 459 · see citing works
Treatment selection in depression.
Cohen, Z. D., & DeRubeis, R. J. (2018) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050817-084746 · Cited by 435 · see citing works
Therapeutic alliance as a mediator of change: A systematic review and evaluation of research
Baier, A. L., Kline, A. C., & Feeny, N. C. (2020) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101921 · Cited by 441 · see citing works
Self-monitoring Using Mobile Phones in the Early Stages of Adolescent Depression: Randomized Controlled Trial
Kauer, S. D., Reid, S. C., Crooke, A. H. D., Khor, A., Hearps, S. J. C., Jorm, A. F., Sanci, L., & Patton, G. (2012) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.1858 · Cited by 404 · see citing works
Dialectical behavior therapy skills use as a mediator and outcome of treatment for borderline personality disorder
Neacsiu, A. D., Rizvi, S. L., & Linehan, M. M. (2010) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2010.05.017 · Cited by 426 · see citing works
Intensive meditation training, immune cell telomerase activity, and psychological mediators
Jacobs, T. L., Epel, E. S., Lin, J., Blackburn, E. H., Wolkowitz, O. M., Bridwell, D. A., Zanesco, A. P., Aichele, S. R., Sahdra, B. K., MacLean, K. A., et al. (2011) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.09.010 · Cited by 432 · see citing works
A longitudinal study of predictors of suicide attempts among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youth
Mustanski, B., & Liu, R. T. (2013) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-012-0013-9 · Cited by 424 · see citing works
Gender differences in depression and anxiety across the adult lifespan: the role of psychosocial mediators
Leach, L. S., Christensen, H., Mackinnon, A. J., Windsor, T. D., & Butterworth, P. (2008) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-008-0388-z · Cited by 413 · see citing works
Dialectical behavior therapy skills for transdiagnostic emotion dysregulation: A pilot randomized controlled trial
Neacsiu, A. D., Eberle, J. W., Kramer, R., Wiesmann, T., & Linehan, M. M. (2014) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2014.05.005 · Cited by 394 · see citing works
Young Adult Educational and Vocational Outcomes of Children Diagnosed with ADHD
Kuriyan, A. B., Pelham, W. E., Molina, B. S. G., Waschbusch, D. A., Gnagy, E. M., Sibley, M. H., Babinski, D. E., Walther, C., Cheong, J., Yu, J., et al. (2013) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-012-9658-z · Cited by 406 · see citing works
Psychoneuroimmunology of early-life stress: the hidden wounds of childhood trauma?
Danese, A., & J Lewis, S. (2017) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2016.198 · Cited by 393 · see citing works
A review of mediators of behavior in interventions to promote physical activity among children and adolescents
Lubans, D. R., Foster, C., & Biddle, S. J. H. (2008) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2008.07.011 · Cited by 388 · see citing works
Authentic Leadership: An Empirical Test of Its Antecedents, Consequences, and Mediating Mechanisms
Peus, C., Wesche, J. S., Streicher, B., Braun, S., & Frey, D. (2012) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-011-1042-3 · Cited by 368 · see citing works
A systematic review of empirical studies examining mechanisms of implementation in health
Lewis, C. C., Boyd, M. R., Walsh-Bailey, C., Lyon, A. R., Beidas, R., Mittman, B., Aarons, G. A., Weiner, B. J., & Chambers, D. A. (2020) · Implementation Science · doi:10.1186/s13012-020-00983-3 · Cited by 363 · see citing works
The effect of a single-session attention modification program on response to a public-speaking challenge in socially anxious individuals
Amir, N., Weber, G., Beard, C., Bomyea, J., & Taylor, C. T. (2008) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0013445 · Cited by 356 · see citing works
More Than Just Fun and Games: The Longitudinal Relationships Between Strategic Video Games, Self-Reported Problem Solving Skills, and Academic Grades
Adachi, P. J. C., & Willoughby, T. (2013) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-013-9913-9 · Cited by 328 · see citing works
A multi-session interpretation modification program: Changes in interpretation and social anxiety symptoms
Beard, C., & Amir, N. (2008) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2008.05.012 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
Power, competitiveness, and advice taking: Why the powerful don’t listen
Tost, L. P., Gino, F., & Larrick, R. P. (2012) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2011.10.001 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
Hidden wounds? inflammatory links between childhood trauma and psychopathology
Danese, A., & Baldwin, J. R. (2017) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010416-044208 · Cited by 286 · see citing works
Comprehension, apprehension, and acceptance: Understanding the influence of literacy and anxiety on acceptance of artificial Intelligence
Schiavo, G., Businaro, S., & Zancanaro, M. (2024) · Technology in Society · doi:10.1016/j.techsoc.2024.102537 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Cardiovascular, and Metabolic Disease: A Review of the Evidence
Dedert, E. A., Calhoun, P. S., Watkins, L. L., Sherwood, A., & Beckham, J. C. (2010) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-010-9165-9 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Distinguishing Mediational Models and Analyses in Clinical Psychology: Atemporal Associations Do Not Imply Causation: Temporal and Atemporal Mediation
Winer, E. S., Cervone, D., Bryant, J., McKinney, C., Liu, R. T., & Nadorff, M. R. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22298 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Psychological flexibility as a mediator of improvement in Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for patients with chronic pain following whiplash.
Wicksell, R. K., Olsson, G. L., & Hayes, S. C. (2010) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.ejpain.2010.05.001 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Acceptance and commitment therapy for fibromyalgia: A randomized controlled trial.
Wicksell, R. K., Kemani, M., Jensen, K., Kosek, E., Kadetoff, D., Sorjonen, K., Ingvar, M., & Olsson, G. L. (2013) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1002/j.1532-2149.2012.00224.x · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Childhood trauma and psychiatric disorders as correlates of school dropout in a national sample of young adults
Porche, M. V., Fortuna, L. R., Lin, J., & Alegria, M. (2011) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01534.x · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Smoking and suicide: A brief overview
Hughes, J. R. (2008) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.06.003 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
The Value of It-Enabled Retailer Learning: Personalized Product Recommendations and Customer Store Loyalty in Electronic Markets1
Zhang, T. (., Agarwal, R., & Lucas, H. C. (2011) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.2307/41409964 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Efficacy of counselor vs. computer-delivered intervention with mandated college students
Barnett, N. P., Murphy, J. G., Colby, S. M., & Monti, P. M. (2007) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2007.06.017 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Mediating and Moderating Processes in the Relation between Maltreatment and Psychopathology: Mother-Child Relationship Quality and Emotion Regulation
Alink, L. R. A., Cicchetti, D., Kim, J., & Rogosch, F. A. (2009) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-009-9314-4 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Mechanisms of change in psychotherapy for depression: An empirical update and evaluation of research aimed at identifying psychological mediators
Lemmens, L. H. J. M., Müller, V. N. L. S., Arntz, A., & Huibers, M. J. H. (2016) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2016.09.004 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Cognitively challenging physical activity benefits executive function in overweight children
Crova, C., Struzzolino, I., Marchetti, R., Masci, I., Vannozzi, G., Forte, R., & Pesce, C. (2014) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2013.828849 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Affective Commitment to Change and Innovation Implementation Behavior: The Role of Charismatic Leadership and Employees’ Trust in Top Management
Michaelis, B., Stegmaier, R., & Sonntag, K. (2009) · Journal of Change Management · doi:10.1080/14697010903360608 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
A commentary on current practice in mediating variable analyses in behavioural nutrition and physical activity
Cerin, E., & MacKinnon, D. P. (2009) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980008003649 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Self-citation
Elevated lipoprotein(a) levels, LPA risk genotypes, and increased risk of heart failure in the general population
Kamstrup, P. R., & Nordestgaard, B. G. (2016) · JACC: Heart Failure · doi:10.1016/j.jchf.2015.08.006 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Does Acceptance and Relationship Focused Behavior Therapy Contribute to Bupropion Outcomes? A Randomized Controlled Trial of Functional Analytic Psychotherapy and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Smoking Cessation
Gifford, E. V., Kohlenberg, B. S., Hayes, S. C., Pierson, H. M., Piasecki, M. P., Antonuccio, D. O., & Palm, K. M. (2011) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2011.03.002 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
The Relation Between Morphological Awareness and Reading Comprehension: Evidence From Mediation and Longitudinal Models
Deacon, S. H., Kieffer, M. J., & Laroche, A. (2014) · Scientific Studies of Reading · doi:10.1080/10888438.2014.926907 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Identifying the Underlying Mechanisms of Change During Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT): A Systematic Review of Contemporary Mediation Studies
Stockton, D., Kellett, S., Berrios, R., Sirois, F., Wilkinson, N., & Miles, G. (2019) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465818000553 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Evaluation of mediators of change in the treatment of epilepsy with acceptance and commitment therapy
Lundgren, T., Dahl, J., & Hayes, S. C. (2008) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-008-9151-x · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Emotion regulation as a mediator in the relationship between attachment and depressive symptomatology: A systematic review
Malik, S., Wells, A., & Wittkowski, A. (2015) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.10.007 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Intellectual humility and prosocial values: Direct and mediated effects
Krumrei-Mancuso, E. J. (2017) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2016.1167938 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Longitudinal treatment mediation of traditional cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for anxiety disorders
Arch, J. J., Wolitzky-Taylor, K. B., Eifert, G. H., & Craske, M. G. (2012) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2012.04.007 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Review of recent methodological developments in group-randomized trials: part 2—analysis
Turner, E. L., Prague, M., Gallis, J. A., Li, F., & Murray, D. M. (2017) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2017.303707 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Modeling individual differences in randomized experiments using growth models: recommendations for design, statistical analysis and reporting of results of internet interventions
Hesser, H. (2015) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2015.02.003 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
The valence of attentional bias and cancer-related rumination in posttraumatic stress and posttraumatic growth among women with breast cancer
Chan, M. W. C., Ho, S. M. Y., Tedeschi, R. G., & Leung, C. W. L. (2011) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.1761 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Multilevel Mechanisms of Implementation Strategies in Mental Health: Integrating Theory, Research, and Practice
Williams, N. J. (2016) · Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research · doi:10.1007/s10488-015-0693-2 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
RETRACTED: Don’t stop believing: Rituals improve performance by decreasing anxiety
Brooks, A. W., Schroeder, J., Risen, J. L., Gino, F., Galinsky, A. D., Norton, M. I., & Schweitzer, M. E. (2016) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2016.07.004 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Retracted
Acceptance and commitment therapy for chronic pain: evidence of mediation and clinically significant change following an abbreviated interdisciplinary program of rehabilitation.
Vowles, K. E., Witkiewitz, K., Sowden, G., & Ashworth, J. (2014) · The Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2013.10.002 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
The Merits of Using Longitudinal Mediation
Jose, P. E. (2016) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00461520.2016.1207175 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Association Between Endometriosis and Hypercholesterolemia or Hypertension
Mu, F., Rich-Edwards, J., Rimm, E. B., Spiegelman, D., Forman, J. P., & Missmer, S. A. (2017) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.117.09056 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
The Psychological Inflexibility in Pain Scale (PIPS) – Statistical properties and model fit of an instrument to assess change processes in pain related disability
Wicksell, R. K., Lekander, M., Sorjonen, K., & Olsson, G. L. (2010) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.ejpain.2009.11.015 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Gay-related Development, Early Abuse and Adult Health Outcomes Among Gay Males
Friedman, M. S., Marshal, M. P., Stall, R., Cheong, J., & Wright, E. R. (2008) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-007-9319-3 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
The Anxiety-Buffer Hypothesis in the Time of COVID-19: When Self-Esteem Protects From the Impact of Loneliness and Fear on Anxiety and Depression
Rossi, A., Panzeri, A., Pietrabissa, G., Manzoni, G. M., Castelnuovo, G., & Mannarini, S. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02177 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Emotions elicited by local food consumption, memories, place attachment and behavioural intentions
Sthapit, E., Björk, P., & Coudounaris, D. N. (2017) · Anatolia · doi:10.1080/13032917.2017.1322111 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Social anxiety symptoms and suicidal ideation in a clinical sample of early adolescents: Examining loneliness and social support as longitudinal mediators
Gallagher, M., Prinstein, M. J., Simon, V., & Spirito, A. (2014) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-013-9844-7 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
“Recent literature suggests it may not be necessary to show a direct relationship between the independent variable and outcome in order to establish mediation (MacKinnon et al. 2007).”
Is parenting the mediator of change in behavioral parent training for externalizing problems of youth?
Forehand, R., Lafko, N., Parent, J., & Burt, K. B. (2014) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2014.10.001 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Mediators of change in Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for pediatric chronic pain
Wicksell, R. K., Olsson, G. L., & Hayes, S. C. (2011) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2011.09.003 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Plasticity in attention: implications for stress response in children
Eldar, S., Ricon, T., & Bar-Haim, Y. (2008) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2008.01.012 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
What matters: quantity or quality of pornography use? Psychological and behavioral factors of seeking treatment for problematic pornography use
Gola, M., Lewczuk, K., & Skorko, M. (2016) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jsxm.2016.02.169 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Improving the evidence base: A methodological review of the quantitative climate migration literature
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Authors: MacKinnon, D. P., Fairchild, A. J., & Fritz, M. S.
Affiliations: Arizona State University (US)
ORCID: MacKinnon, David P.
Fairchild, Amanda J.
Fritz, Matthew S.
Venue: Annual Review of Psychology
Publisher: Annual Reviews
Published: 2007-01-01
Volume: 58
Issue: 1
Pages: 593-614
ISSN: 0066-4308 (ISSN-L)
1545-2085
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085542
PMC: PMC2819368
OpenAlex: W4212838134
Cited by: 5,688
References: 105
Citations by year: 2026: 375 · 2025: 394 · 2024: 367 · 2023: 408 · 2022: 434 · 2021: 438 · 2020: 457 · 2019: 372 · 2018: 329 · 2017: 309 · 2016: 287 · 2015: 285 · 2014: 268 · 2013: 256 · 2012: 210
FWCI: 9.73
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: Annual Review of Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Scholar Commons (University of South Carolina) (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA 09757, R01DA009757, R37DA009757)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Advanced Causal Inference Techniques
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Keywords: mediation analysis, mediators, confounders, moderators, covariates, causal inference
MeSH terms: Analysis of Variance, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Mathematical Computing, Models, Psychological, Psychological Theory, Models, Statistical, Causality, Effect Modifier, Epidemiologic, Treatment Outcome, Biomedical Research

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