The importance of studying the implementation of interventions in school settings
Abstract
Implementation refers to the process by which an intervention is put into practice. Research studies across multiple disciplines, including education, have consistently demonstrated that interventions are rarely implemented as designed and, crucially, that variability in implementation is related to variability in the achievement of expected outcomes. Put simply, implementation matters (Durlak & DuPre, 2008 Durlak, J. A. & DuPre, E. P. (2008). Implementation matters: a review of research on the influence of implementation on program outcomes and the factors affecting implementation. American Journal of Community Psychology, 41, 327–350.[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). This paper reviews several key issues in the study of implementation and calls for an increasing emphasis on this often neglected aspect of evaluation research in UK journals. These issues include programme-specific reasons for studying implementation as an intervention passes through the various stages of development, advancing knowledge and understanding about the processes of implementation (including the balance required between fidelity and adaptation, and the range of factors that may facilitate or impede implementation), and improving measurement and assessment of implementation. Through discussion of these issues the case is made for more research that focuses specifically on the examination of implementation in school settings.
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If an intervention does not have high social validity, meaning it is not viewed as acceptable, useful, and feasible by deliverers and/or recipients, it is likely to fail.
“if an intervention does not have high social validity, meaning that it is not viewed as acceptable, useful, and feasible by intervention deliverers (e.g., school staff) and/or recipients (e.g., pupils), then it is likely to fail [16, 17].”
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“However, the methods used in this study have been called into question by some experts (e.g. Durlak et al., 2011), perhaps suggesting that we are still some way from achieving widely acceptable standardised measures of implementation.”
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- Authors
- Lendrum, A., & Humphrey, N.
- Affiliations
- University of Manchester (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Lendrum, Ann
- Venue
- Oxford Review of Education
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2012-10
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 635-652
- ISSN
- 0305-4985 (ISSN-L)
- 1465-3915
- OpenAlex
- W1985995983
- Cited by
- 162
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 10.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Oxford Review of Education (publishedVersion)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health Policy Implementation Science
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Evaluation and Performance Assessment
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Speech and Hearing › School Health and Nursing Education
- Keywords
- intervention implementation, school-based intervention, implementation measurement, implementation barriers and facilitators, program evaluation, implementation research
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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