‘Displaced in place’: agrarian displacements, replacements and resettlement among farm workers in Mazowe district

“How former farmworkers have been incorporated into the new agrarian system has been the subject of much debate in Zimbabwe (Hartnack, 2009; Magaramombe, 2010; Moyo, Rutherford, & Amanor‐Wilks, 2000).”

“Other recent exceptions to this rule include Bolt (2010), Duri (2010), Jones (2010), Hammar (2010), Magaramombe (2010), Mawowa and Matongo (2010), McGregor (2007, 2008a, 2008b, 2009), Morreira (2010a, 2010b), Musoni (2010), Parsons (2005, 2010), Rutherford and Addison (2007), Rutherford (2008),…”

“However, many more were displaced, either in situ, still living in the compounds but no longer working, or to other places, usually communal areas where people had relatives (Magaramombe, 2010; Sachikonye, 2003).”

“…that this is a conservative orientation towards implicitly defending the poorly remunerated wage labour in the former LSCF. Displacement of former farm workers addresses two groups: those physically displaced from LSCF compounds and those ‘displaced in situ’ (Hartnack 2007, Magaramombe 2010).”

“…to (a portion of ) their land (Hughes 2010); (former) farm workers trying to adjust to new farming arrangements with white farmers (Hartnack 2016; Rutherford 2017) or, more often, black farmers and authorities (Magaramombe 2010; Chambati 2017); or street vendors in urban landscapes (Musoni 2010).”

“…violent process on socio-economic factors has 102 been well documented (Chimhowu & Hulme, 2006; Cliffe et al., 2011; Kapp, 2009; Kinsey, 103 2004; Magaramombe, 2010; Waterloos & Rutherford, 2004), but despite the great potential for 104 impacting on wildlife, there have been no systematic…”

“We acknowledge that the boundaries between state, communal, and private land are blurred (Berry 1993; Moyo 2005; Magaramombe 2010).”

“The labour control of the past has been replaced by ‘residential autonomy’, where workers can choose to work or not work at the farm where they reside (Magaramombe 2010), often leading to labour shortages.”

“The former farm workers who lost their jobs, but are still resident in the farm compounds, tend to be addressed as ‘displaced in situ’ (Hartnack 2005; Magaramombe 2010), meaning they are out of ‘work’ regardless of their new Land and Agrarian Reform in Former Settler Colonial Zimbabwe.indd 157…”

“While the bulk of farm workers remained living in farm compounds, they lost their formal jobs and became “displaced in-situ” (Magaramombe 2010) as the world of the white commercial farms (and its associated routines, hierarchies, rules, opportunities, constraints, etc.) was dismantled.”

“the forced migration of hundreds of people whilst others were subjected to what scholars have called in situ displacement (Magaramombe 2010).”

“They remained in the old farm compounds after some of their colleagues were displaced during the land occupations or trekked back to the communal and other areas (Sachikonye 2003; Magaramombe 2010; Scoones et al. 2018).”

“…been viewed as ‘displaced in situ’, which meant that although they remained on the farm, farm workers ‘find themselves “separated” from their workplaces or livelihood opportunities, a critical component of the 'foundations that anchor their daily lives’ (Hartnack, 2005; Magaramombe, 2010: 365).”

“The forced evictions and destruction of informal settlements resulted in a surge in homelessness displacement, involving the dismantling of production systems and separation from ecosystems, workplaces and livelihood opportunities (Magaramombe 2010).”

“The resettled group is usually less secure in their livelihoods and in most cases 7 is vulnerable to food insecurity and poverty (Cobo et al., 2009; Magaramombe, 2010).”

“…the farm occupations, fast-track land reform led to the forced displacement not only of white farmers but also of large numbers of farm workers and their families, who often also su ff ered intimidation and violence during the occupations (Hartnack 2005; Magaramombe 2010; Chiweshe and Chabata 2019).”

“Disruption of their livelihood after resettlement often leads to poverty and food insecurity (Magaramombe, 2010).”

“employed as well as disruptions caused (see Chaumba, Scoones and Wolmer 2003; Hammar 2010; Magaramombe 2010).”

“…economic activities such as farming, artisanal and small-scale mining, petty commerce, logging, fishing, and hunting, but also for the weaving of new socio-political networks, dependencies, and the connecting of social and political spaces (Magaramombe 2010; Shonhe, Scoones, and Murimbarimba 2020).”