Neuroticism Does Not Affect Cognitive Functioning in Later Life
Abstract
In a cross-sectional study, Jorm and colleagues (1993. Personality and Individual Differences, 15, 721-723) found that neuroticism was related to poorer cognitive performance in the elderly. The present study was initiated to expand their findings using both cross-sectional and longitudinal data from the Maastricht Aging Study. In contrast to the findings of Jorm and coworkers, neuroticism was not associated with either current cognitive performance or cognitive decline over a period of 3 years.
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Four other studies did not observe a correlation between neuroticism and cognitive decline.
“four other studies have not observed a correlation between neuroticism and cognitive decline.”
From Enrichment Effects on Adult Cognitive Development: Can the Functional Capacity of Older Adults Be Preserved and Enhanced? (2008) · cites this paper as Jelicic et al., 2003
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Hertzog, C., Kramer, A. F., Wilson, R. S., & Lindenberger, U. (2008) · Psychological Science in the Public Interest · doi:10.1111/j.1539-6053.2009.01034.x · Cited by 1,495 · see citing works
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Curtis, R., Windsor, T. D., & Soubelet, A. (2014) · Aging Neuropsychology and Cognition · doi:10.1080/13825585.2014.888392 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
“Wetherell et al. (2002) and Jelicic et al. (2003) excluded participants with dementia and found no relationship between neuroticism and cognitive decline.”
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“, 2003b), but the association was not observed in three other studies (Hultsch et al., 1999; Wetherell et al., 2002; Jelicic et al., 2003).”
ResultFive-Factor Personality Dimensions, Mood States, and Cognitive Performance in Older Adults
Booth, J. E., Schinka, J. A., Brown, L. M., Mortimer, J. A., & Borenstein, A. R. (2006) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803390590954209 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
“Our results agree with those of Jelicic et al. (2003) in failing to find a major role for neuroticism in explaining variance in cognitive performance.”
ResultBaker, T. J., & Bichsel, J. (2006) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2006.02.017 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
“However, Jelicic et al. (2003) found no relationship (and no gender interaction) between Neuroticism and a number of cognitive abilities in an older sample, including measures of Gc, Gs, and Glr. Researchers attempting to clarify the nature of the relation between Neuroticism and cognition have…”
BackgroundWettstein, M., Tauber, B., Kuźma, E., & Wahl, H. (2017) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/pag0000166 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Personality traits prospectively predict verbal fluency in a lifespan sample.
Sutin, A. R., Terracciano, A., Kitner-Triolo, M. H., Uda, M., Schlessinger, D., & Zonderman, A. B. (2011) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/a0024276 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
“Not all studies, however, find an association between Neuroticism and cognitive functioning (e.g., Baker & Bichsel, 2006; Jelicic et al., 2003).”
Trait Neuroticism, Depression, and Cognitive Function in Older Primary Care Patients
Boyle, L. L., Lyness, J. M., Duberstein, P. R., Karuza, J., King, D. A., Messing, S. P., & Tu, X. M. (2010) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/jgp.0b013e3181c2941b · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“A strength of our study is the inclusion of depression diagnoses using the SCID, whereas other studies relied on depressive symptom scales.2–5,10–11,20 The MMSE was chosen as a global measure of cognitive functioning due to its widespread use; previous studies have also used the MMSE.3,5,10,20 We had limited measures…”
Impact of Personality on Cognitive Aging: A Prospective Cohort Study
Caselli, R. J., Dueck, A. C., Locke, D. E. C., Henslin, B. R., Johnson, T. A., Woodruff, B. K., Hoffman‐Snyder, C., & Geda, Y. E. (2016) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617716000527 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
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Baek, Y., Martin, P., Siegler, I. C., Davey, A., & Poon, L. W. (2016) · The International Journal of Aging and Human Development · doi:10.1177/0091415016652404 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“Jelicic et al. (2003) found that neuroticism was not related to cognitive performance in older adults as well as their cognitive decline over a 3-year period. Pearson (1993) even found that neuroticism was positively related to cognitive ability in older women.”
BackgroundAssociation of Self-Reported Psychological Stress with Cognitive Decline: A Systematic Review
Franks, K. H., Rowsthorn, E., Bransby, L., Lim, Y. Y., Chong, T. T. ‐., & Pase, M. P. (2022) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-022-09567-y · Cited by 43 · see citing works
How Does Psychosocial Behavior Contribute to Cognitive Health in Old Age?
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Personality as a source of individual differences in cognition among older African Americans
Aiken‐Morgan, A. T., Bichsel, J., Allaire, J. C., Savla, J. T., Edwards, C. L., & Whitfield, K. E. (2012) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2012.04.006 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Okereke, O. I., & Grodstein, F. (2013) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2013.01.050 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“decline,(3,5) at least one report found no impact of neuroticism on late-life cognitive performance,(6) and some reported no impact on subsequent change.(2,6) Moreover, few large-scale investigations have addressed relations of anxiety, using specific scales of anxiety symptoms, to late-life cognition,(7,8) there has…”
Klaming, R., Veltman, D. J., & Comijs, H. C. (2016) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.4527 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“Yet, a link between neuroticism and cognitive decline was not confirmed by others (Wetherell et al., 2002; Jelicic et al., 2003).”
BackgroundNeuroticism scores increase with late‐life cognitive decline
Waggel, S. E., Lipnicki, D. M., Delbaere, K., Kochan, N. A., Draper, B., Andrews, G., Sachdev, P. S., & Brodaty, H. (2015) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.4251 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“Higher neuroticism has also been found to predict cognitive decline in some (Crowe et al., 2006; Kuzma et al., 2011; Chapman et al., 2012), but not all (Jelicic et al., 2003), studies.”
ResultClinical outcomes of older depressed patients with and without comorbid neuroticism
Steffens, D. C., McQuoid, D. R., Smoski, M. J., & Potter, G. G. (2013) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610213001324 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“, 2005; 2006; 2007), though not in others (Wetherell et al., 2002; Jelicic et al., 2003).”
BackgroundMediators of the Relationship Between Cognition and Subjective Well-Being
Yazdani, N., & Siedlecki, K. L. (2021) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-021-00357-6 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
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“For example, higher Neuroticism was associated with the risk of global cognitive decline in some studies [14,18,19], but not in others [20,21].”
BackgroundMethodology and preliminary results from the neurobiology of late-life depression study
Steffens, D. C., Manning, K. J., Wu, R., Grady, J. J., Fortinsky, R. H., & Tennen, H. A. (2015) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610215001386 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Beyond mood outcomes, neuroticism is associated with worse cognitive outcomes in older adults in some studies (Wilson et al., 2005; Steffens et al., 2013), though not in others (Wetherell et al., 2002; Jelicic et al., 2003).”
BackgroundThe paradox of cognitive change
Salthouse, T. A. (2010) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803390903401310 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“…have been reported in some studies (e.g., Wilson et al., 2006; Wilson, Arnold, Schneider, Li, & Bennett, 2007a; Wilson et al., 2003), but not in others (e.g., Arbuckle, Maag, Pushkar, & Chaikelson, 1998; Hultsch et al., 1999; Jelicic et al., 2003; Wetherell, Reynolds, Gatz, & Pedersen, 2002).”
MethodWettstein, M., Kuźma, E., Wahl, H., & Heyl, V. (2015) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2015.1049119 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Notably, however, some other studies found no significant association between neuroticism and cognitive decline (Jelicic et al., 2003; Salthouse, 2014; Wetherell, Reynolds, Gatz, & Pedersen, 2002) so that evidence remains inconclusive.”
ResultPersonality and Psychological Health in Persons with Mild Cognitive Impairment
Clément, F., Belleville, S., Bélanger, S., & Chassé, V. (2009) · Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement · doi:10.1017/s0714980809090126 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“The fi ndings of the present study do not support this notion and are consistent with previous research indicating that neuroticism is not associated with either current cognitive performance or cognitive decline over a period of 3 years (Jelicic et al., 2003 ).”
ResultAschwanden, D., Kliegel, M., & Allemand, M. (2018) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/pag0000246 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Montoliu, T., Pulopulos, M. M., Puig‐Pérez, S., Hidalgo, V., & Salvador, A. (2021) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.3088 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“More-over, some studies reported that older age and the male gender were associated with flattened DCSs (Adam et al., 2006; Dmitrieva et al., 2013), as well as with a greater cortisol peak, nadir and overall output (AUC) (Karlamangla et al., 2013), indicating HPA ‐ axis dysregulation.”
BackgroundTerry, D. P., Puente, A. N., Brown, C. L., Faraco, C. C., & Miller, L. S. (2013) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803395.2013.795932 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“(Jelicic et al., 2003; Wetherell, Reynolds, Gatz, & Pedersen, 2002) potentially due to methodological differences including smaller sample sizes, younger”
BackgroundResultHagger‐Johnson, G., Shickle, D., Roberts, B. A., & Deary, I. J. (2012) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbr151 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“In two longitudinal studies, neuroticism was unrelated to baseline cognitive performance or cognitive decline in a comprehensive battery of tests ( Jelicic et al., 2003 ; Wetherell, Reynolds, Gatz, & Pedersen, 2002 ), except for three tests: block design, symbol digit substitution, and a “ names…”
BackgroundKarsazi, H., Rezapour, T., Kormi‐Nouri, R., Ghamsari, A. S. M., Abdekhodaie, E., & Hatami, J. (2021) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2021.110773 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Sapkota, S., Wiebe, S. A., Small, B. J., & Dixon, R. A. (2015) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.4355 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Past studies with non-demented older adults have reported mixed findings including no associations between neuroticism and crystalized intelligence (Baker and Bichsel, 2006) and three-year global cognitive decline (Jelicic et al., 2003).”
ResultGalé, C. R., Deary, I. J., Kuh, D. J., Huppert, F. A., Richards, M., & the HALCyon Study Team (2009) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbp082 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“…and of Alzheimer ' s disease ( Wilson, Barnes, et al., 2005 ; Wilson, Bennett, et al., 2005 ; Wilson, et al., 2006 ; Wilson, et al., 2007 ), though this is not a consistent fi nding ( Hultsch, Hertzog, Small, & Dixon, 1999 ; Jelicic et al., 2003 ; Wetherell, Reynolds, Gatz, & Pedersen, 2002 ).”
Coelho, C. D. S., Joly-Burra, E., Ihle, A., Ballhausen, N., Haas, M., Hering, A., Künzi, M., Laera, G., Mikneviciute, G., Tinello, D., et al. (2021) · European Journal of Ageing · doi:10.1007/s10433-021-00665-z · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“This is in line with previous studies finding no relationship between neuroticism and coarse cognitive functioning (Arbuckle et al., 1998; Baker and Bichsel, 2006; Jelicic et al., 2003; Pearson, 1993), but is in contrast with other studies demonstrating that neuroticism is negatively associated with the performance on…”
ResultCognitive abilities and personality traits in old age across four years: More stability than change
Aschwanden, D., Martin, M., & Allemand, M. (2017) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2017.08.002 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Personality traits and cognitive function in old-adults with type-2 diabetes
Weinstein, G., Elran‐Barak, R., Beeri, M. S., & Ravona‐Springer, R. (2018) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2018.1493720 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“, 2015; Sapkota, Wiebe, Small, & Dixon, 2016), but not all (Curtis et al., 2015; Jelicic et al., 2003; Soubelet & Salthouse, 2011) previous studies among community-dwelling older persons demonstrate an association between high levels of neuroticism and worse cognitive performance, specifically attention, executive fun…”
BackgroundResultDo Depressive Traits and Hostility Predict Age-Related Decline in General Intelligence?
Mortensen, E. L., Barefoot, J. C., & Avlund, K. (2012) · Journal of Aging Research · doi:10.1155/2012/973121 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“However, a study including a 3-year followup observed no associations between neuroticism and cognitive performance [16].”
The Influence Of Neuroticism On Stress Perception And Its Resultant Negative Affect
Abbasi, I. S. (2011) · doi:10.31979/etd.tufh-avq4 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“… adults, in an effort to ascertain whether elevated neuroticism leads to cognitive impairment in later life, since highly neurotic individuals experience more 12 prolonged stress (Jelicic et al., 2002; Jorm, Mackinnon, Christensen, & Henderson, 1993).”
Restrepo, J. E. (2015) · Pensando Psicología · doi:10.16925/pe.v11i18.1004 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Bastelica, T., Lespine, L., Rouch, I., Tadri, M., Dorey, J., Strippoli, M. F., d’Amato, T., von Gunten, A., Preisig, M., & Rey, R. (2023) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2023.1093323 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Fazeli, P. L., Cheatwood, J., Hopkins, C., Vance, D. E., Shirey, M. R., Azuero, A., & Crowe, M. G. (2021) · Applied Neuropsychology Adult · doi:10.1080/23279095.2021.1935954 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
The Effect of Personality Traits on Cognitive Aging and the Mechanisms
Qi, S., Lin, Y. U., & Jianling, M. A. (2013) · Advances in Psychological Science · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1042.2013.00096 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“…et al., 2005)的参与度之 间均为负相关。活动卷入度的降低会直接导致认 知储备的减少, 并影响压力的有效排解, 从而造 成认知损害。 2.2.5 适宜性 适宜性包含了信任、坦率、利他等人格因子 (Costa & McCrae, 1992)。目前几乎没有研究发现 适宜性与认知储备的指标如教育和职业相关。而 且, 在过去的研究中, 适宜性是唯一没有被发现 与智力测量相关的人格特质 (Baker & Bischel, 2006)。但也有研究者指出, 它虽与学术智力关系 不大, 但该人格特质反映了人性中的人道主义及 人际取向,…”
InfluentialPersonality Traits and Cognitive Ability: Age Differences in Their Relations
Yuhan, Z. H. A. O., & Yu, L. (2014) · Advances in Psychological Science · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1042.2014.01924 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Becerra‐García, J. A., & León, A. G. (2015) · Acción Psicológica · doi:10.5944/ap.11.2.10857 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“…estos resultados con lo obtenido por diferentes trabajos realizados en población no clínica (Ayotte, Potter, Williams, steffens y Bosworth, 2009; Jelicic et al., 2003) y con muestras clínicas donde el déficit cognitivo más acentuado es la velocidad de procesamiento (Akbar, Honarmand y…”
BackgroundGraham, E. K., & Lachman, M. E. (2012) · doi:10.1002/9781118392966.ch13 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Armstrong, M., Kaufman, J. R., Maciarz, J., Sullivan, D. J., Kim, J., Koppelmans, V., Langenecker, S. A., & Weisenbach, S. L. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1337320 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“They only found a signi fi cant relationship between neuroticism and Trails B. Lastly, Jelicic and colleagues (16) failed to fi nd a signi fi cant relationship between neuroticism and cognition as measured by the MMSE, letter-digit substitution test, the Stroop Color-Word Test interference trial,…”
BackgroundMethodResultAusén, B. (2013) · Figshare · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Becerra-García, J.-A. (2013) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas)
Current Awareness in Geriatric Psychiatry
(2003) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.786
Beaudreau, S. A., Gould, C. E., Hantke, N. C., Kramer, A., Suresh, M., Jo, B., & Fairchild, J. K. (2022) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.5852
“reporting null results for Neuroticism and cognitive decline across a spectrum of cognitive domains including executive functioning,(19,20) memory(15,20) and other cognitive abilities.(17,19,20) Other traits have been hypothesized as related to better cognitive outcomes over time.”
ResultPark, H., Forthman, K. L., Kuplicki, R., Victor, T. A., Yeh, H., Thompson, W. K., Howlett, J. R., Guinjoan, S., & Paulus, M. P. (2023) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2023.111716
Najström, M., Almkvist, O., & Lindau, M. P. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1925413
“However, other studies have failed to identify signi fi cant relationships between Neuroticism and cognitive performance (4, 49), and some fi ndings suggest indirect rather than direct effects, mediated by factors such as perceived stress (48).”
- Authors
- Jelicic, M., Bosma, H., Ponds, R. W. H. M., Van Boxtel, M. P. J., Houx, P. J., & Jolles, J.
- Affiliations
- a Maastricht Brain and Behaviour Institute and European Graduate School of Neuroscience (EURON),Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Neuropsychology, and Biopsychology Section,University of Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Maastricht University (NL)
- Venue
- Experimental Aging Research
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2003-01
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 73-78
- ISSN
- 0361-073X (ISSN-L)
- 1096-4657
- OpenAlex
- W2099242775
- Semantic Scholar
- 8c19e6e83c6a38241f4a10772d3acf8d0d7c0408
- Cited by
- 55
- References
- 14
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 5 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 2.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Experimental Aging Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (publishedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (submittedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Keywords
- neuroticism, cognitive function, cognitive decline, aging, personality traits, older adults
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Cognition, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Neurotic Disorders, Regression Analysis
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Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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