The DOI matches its Crossref record; 82 of the 82 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The effect of communication, writing, and technology apprehension on likelihood to use new communication technologies
Abstract
This study explores the role of computer anxiety, communication apprehension, and writing apprehension in predicting future use of new communication technologies. Past research has rarely examined these constructs as predictors of future use and has not considered the impact of writing and communication apprehension on text‐based and phone‐based technologies, which are used primarily for interaction. Survey results from 178 undergraduate students tend to support hypotheses about the relevance of computer anxiety and communication apprehension in predicting future technology use, but not those with regard to writing apprehension. Furthermore, past experience appears to be a strong predictor of future use; however, gender differences are rare. The implications of these findings for educational contexts are discussed.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Scott and Rockwell (1997) demonstrated that CMCA, writing apprehension, and general technology apprehension collectively reduce individuals' likelihood to adopt and use communication technologies, particularly those involving written or synchronous interaction.”
From AI Literacy in the Communication Basic Course: Insights on Embedding, Motivation, and Reducing Uncertainty (2026) · cites this paper as Scott and Rockwell, 1997
Citations
Cites
Research in Organizational Behavior
Hammer, E. R., Cummings, L. L., & Staw, B. M. (1984) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.2307/258300 · Cited by 11,176
Applied Multivariate Statistics for the Social Sciences
Stevens, J. P. (2012) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203843130 · Cited by 10,652
Applied multivariate statistics for the social sciences
Stevens, J. P., & Stevens, J. P. (2001) · doi:10.4324/9781410604491 · Cited by 4,993
The Chronicle of Higher Education
Herndon, G. A. (1977) · Serials Review · doi:10.1016/s0098-7913(77)80012-9 · Cited by 4,377
The social psychology of telecommunications
Gray, G. (1977) · Telecommunications Policy · doi:10.1016/0308-5961(77)90016-7 · Cited by 3,486
(2002) · Cited by 2,645
Applied Multivariate Statistics for the Social Sciences
Schumm, W. R., & Stevens, J. P. (1993) · The American Statistician · doi:10.2307/2685203 · Cited by 1,533
Assessing computer anxiety: Development and validation of the Computer Anxiety Rating Scale
HEINSSEN, R. K., Glass, C. R., & Knight, L. A. (1987) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/0747-5632(87)90010-0 · Cited by 806
Communication Technology: The New Media in Society
Rogers, E. M. (1986) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 768
Measures of communication‐bound anxiety
McCroskey, J. C. (1970) · Speech Monographs · doi:10.1080/03637757009375677 · Cited by 723
Research works printed but not linked: 12
- Artwohl M. J., 1989, What research says about keyboarding skills and computer anxiety
- Brod C., 1984, Technostress
- Champion S., 1988, School Library Journal, 35, 48
- Flaherty, L. M., Pearce, K. J., Barta, A. L. and Rubin, R. B. Uses of the Internet as a functional alternative to face‐to‐face communication. Paper presented at International Communication Association Conference. Chicago, IL. May.
- 10.2466/PR0.67.5.311-314 · DOI
- 10.2466/PR0.69.5.179-182 · DOI
- Lustig M. W., 1990, Journal of Social Behavior & Personality, 5, 309
- McCroskey J. C., 1984, Avoiding communication: Shyness, reticence, and communication apprehension, 13
- Parasuraman, S. and Igbaria, M. Gender, computer anxiety, and attitudes toward microcomputers. Proceedings of the 1988 Annual Meeting of the Decision Sciences Institute. pp.588–591. Atlanta, GA: Decision Sciences Institute.
- Reinsch N. L., 1985, Office Systems Research Journal, 4, 9
- Seibold D. R., 1992, ACA Bulletin, 81, 19
- Williams S., 1994, Mobile Register, 9E
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Venkatesh, V. (2000) · Information Systems Research · doi:10.1287/isre.11.4.342.11872 · Cited by 6,664
The influence of technology anxiety on consumer use and experiences with self-service technologies
Meuter, M. L., Ostrom, A. L., Bitner, M. J., & Roundtree, R. (2003) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/s0148-2963(01)00276-4 · Cited by 1,247
Adoption of Virtual Try-on technology for online apparel shopping
Kim, J., & Forsythe, S. M. (2008) · Journal of Interactive Marketing · doi:10.1002/dir.20113 · Cited by 734
Patterns of Internet and Traditional News Media Use in a Networked Community
Althaus, S. L., & Tewksbury, D. H. (2000) · Political Communication · doi:10.1080/105846000198495 · Cited by 423
Çelik, V., & Yeşilyurt, E. (2012) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2012.06.008 · Cited by 356
Computer‐mediated communication in the university classroom: An experiment with on‐line discussions
Althaus, S. L. (1997) · Communication Education · doi:10.1080/03634529709379088 · Cited by 304
A study on Singaporean women's acceptance of using mobile phones to seek health information
Lim, S., Xue, L., Yen, C. C., Chang, L., Chan, H. C., Tai, B. C., Duh, H. B., & Choolani, M. A. (2011) · International Journal of Medical Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2011.08.007 · Cited by 212
Computer based assessment: Gender differences in perceptions and acceptance
Terzis, V., & Economides, A. A. (2011) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2011.06.005 · Cited by 195
The Influence of Computer-Mediated Communication Apprehension on Motives for Facebook Use
Hunt, D. S., Atkin, D. J., & Krishnan, A. (2012) · Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media · doi:10.1080/08838151.2012.678717 · Cited by 214
A benefit–cost perspective of the consumer adoption of the mobile banking system
Shen, Y., Huang, C., Chu, C., & Hsu, C.-T. (2010) · Behaviour and Information Technology · doi:10.1080/01449290903490658 · Cited by 184
The role of personalization on continuance intention in food service mobile apps
Kang, J.-W., & Namkung, Y. (2019) · International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management · doi:10.1108/ijchm-12-2017-0783 · Cited by 186
WHO'S AFRAID OF THE VIRTUAL WORLD? Anxiety and Computer-Mediated Communication
Brown, S. A., Fuller, R. M., & Vician, C. M. (2004) · Journal of the Association for Information Systems · doi:10.17705/1jais.00046 · Cited by 177
Mediating the impact of technology usage on perceived ease of use by anxiety
Saadé, R. G., & Kira, D. (2006) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2006.01.009 · Cited by 196
Sensory enabling technology acceptance model (SE‐TAM): A multiple‐group structural model comparison
Kim, J.-Y., & Forsythe, S. M. (2008) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.20245 · Cited by 166
Kim, J., & Forsythe, S. (2010) · International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management · doi:10.1108/09590551011027122 · Cited by 150
An investigation of computer anxiety by gender and grade
King, J. A., Bond, T. G., & Blandford, S. (2002) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0747-5632(01)00030-9 · Cited by 130
Baby Boom Consumers and Technology: Shooting Down Stereotypes
Niemelä-Nyrhinen, J. (2007) · Journal of Consumer Marketing · doi:10.1108/07363760710773120 · Cited by 125
Age, gender, ethnicity and the digital divide: university students’ use of web‐based instruction
Enoch, Y., & Soker, Z. (2006) · Open Learning The Journal of Open Distance and e-Learning · doi:10.1080/02680510600713045 · Cited by 128
Information Technology Literacy: Implications on Teaching and Learning
Ezziane, Z. (2007) · Cited by 128
Individual differences and relative advantage: the case of GSS
Karahanna, E., Ahuja, M. K., Srite, M., & Galvin, J. (2002) · Decision Support Systems · doi:10.1016/s0167-9236(01)00124-5 · Cited by 130
Gender differences in the perception and acceptance of online games
Wang, H., & Wang, Y. (2008) · British Journal of Educational Technology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8535.2007.00773.x · Cited by 125
Scott, C. R., & Timmerman, C. E. (1999) · IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication · doi:10.1109/47.807961 · Cited by 117
Self-citationFuller, R. M., Vician, C. M., & Brown, S. A. (2006) · Journal of Computer Information Systems · doi:10.1080/08874417.2006.11645917 · Cited by 114
Corporate language-based communication avoidance in MNCs: A multi-sited ethnography approach
Lauring, J., & Klitmøller, A. (2014) · Journal of World Business · doi:10.1016/j.jwb.2014.01.005 · Cited by 107
Changes in Student Attitudes and Student Computer Use in a Computer-Enriched Environment
Mitra, A., & Steffensmeier, T. (2000) · Journal of Research on Computing in Education · doi:10.1080/08886504.2000.10782289 · Cited by 106
Incidences and correlates of Internet anxiety among high school teachers in Taiwan
Chou, C. (2003) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0747-5632(03)00010-4 · Cited by 106
Modeling technophobia: a case for word processing
Brosnan, M. (1999) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0747-5632(98)00020-x · Cited by 102
Gender and Computer Use in an Academic Institution: Report from a Longitudinal Study
Mitra, A., Lenzmeier, S., Steffensmeier, T., Avon, R., Qu, N., & Hazen, M. (2000) · Journal of Educational Computing Research · doi:10.2190/bg2m-a5er-kv7y-n0j5 · Cited by 101
Collaborative Writing Features
Fung, Y. M. (2010) · RELC Journal · doi:10.1177/0033688210362610 · Cited by 100
ETHNIC DIFFERENCES IN INTERNET ACCESS
Mesch, G. S., & Talmud, I. (2011) · Information Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/1369118x.2011.562218 · Cited by 94
Susskind, A. M. (2006) · Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2004.tb00287.x · Cited by 88
Tai, K., Hong, J., Tsai, C.-R., Lin, C.-Z., & Hung, Y.-H. (2022) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2022.104458 · Cited by 91
Scott, C. R., & Timmerman, C. E. (2005) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/0093650205281054 · Cited by 84
Self-citationLiu, M. (2003) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0747-5632(03)00052-9 · Cited by 81
Konstantinidou, E., & Scherer, R. (2021) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2021.104424 · Cited by 108
Brosnan, M. (1998) · Journal of Educational Computing Research · doi:10.2190/lvhh-epgb-ae7j-wev8 · Cited by 78
Brinsfield, C. T. (2009) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network) · Cited by 74
Wrench, J. S., & Punyanunt-Carter, N. M. (2007) · Southern Communication Journal · doi:10.1080/10417940701667696 · Cited by 65
Ukwoma, S. C., Iwundu, N. E., & Iwundu, I. E. (2016) · Global Knowledge, Memory and Communication · doi:10.1108/nlw-08-2016-0061 · Cited by 64
A comparison of traditional and online formats in a public speaking course
Clark, R. A., & Jones, D. N. (2001) · Communication Education · doi:10.1080/03634520109379238 · Cited by 64
Measure Development: The Children's Attitudes toward Technology Scale (CATS)
Frantom, C. G., Green, K. E., & Hoffman, E. R. (2002) · Journal of Educational Computing Research · doi:10.2190/dwaf-8leq-74tn-bl37 · Cited by 61
Gender differences in consumer evaluations of service quality: self-service kiosks in retail
Lee, H.-J., Fairhurst, A., & Cho, H. (2013) · Service Industries Journal · doi:10.1080/02642069.2011.614346 · Cited by 58
The Social Media Affinity Scale: Implications For Education
Gerlich, R. N., Browning, L., & Westermann, L. (2010) · Contemporary Issues in Education Research (CIER) · doi:10.19030/cier.v3i11.245 · Cited by 57
Guo, Z., Tan, F. B., & Cheung, K. (2010) · Communications of the Association for Information Systems · doi:10.17705/1cais.02720 · Cited by 58
Exploring factors which motivate older consumers’ self-service technologies (SSTs) adoption
Lee, H., & Lyu, J. (2019) · The International Review of Retail Distribution and Consumer Research · doi:10.1080/09593969.2019.1575261 · Cited by 56
Leonardi, P. M. (2003) · Critical Studies in Media Communication · doi:10.1080/07393180302778 · Cited by 56
Guo, Z., & Stevens, K. J. (2011) · Australasian Journal of Educational Technology · doi:10.14742/ajet.967 · Cited by 53
Wu, W., & Li, C. (2007) · Journal of Information Science · doi:10.1177/0165551506070730 · Cited by 54
Adoption of online streaming services: moderating role of personality traits
Bhatt, K. (2021) · International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management · doi:10.1108/ijrdm-08-2020-0310 · Cited by 65
Computer attitudes and library anxiety among undergraduates: a study of Israeli B.Ed students
Mizrachi, D., & Shoham, S. (2004) · The International Information & Library Review · doi:10.1016/j.iilr.2003.09.001 · Cited by 50
Wrench, J. S., & Punyanunt-Carter, N. M. (2004) · Communication Quarterly · doi:10.1080/01463370409370194 · Cited by 48
Балоглу, М., & Çevik, V. (2008) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2008.03.003 · Cited by 46
Media Richness, Communication Apprehension and Participation in Group Videoconferencing
Campbell, J. (2006) · Journal of Information Information Technology and Organizations (Years 1-3) · doi:10.28945/149 · Cited by 45
Guzley, R. M., Avanzino, S., & Bor, A. (2006) · Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2001.tb00122.x · Cited by 45
Learning Outcomes: The Bottom Line
Clark, R. A. (2002) · Communication Education · doi:10.1080/03634520216531 · Cited by 41
Longitudinal Effects of Computer-Mediated Communication Anxiety on Interaction in Virtual Teams
Fuller, R. M., Vician, C. M., & Brown, S. A. (2016) · IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication · doi:10.1109/tpc.2016.2583318 · Cited by 41
Beyond basic study skills: The use of technology for success in college
Huffman, W. H., & Huffman, A. H. (2011) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2011.11.004 · Cited by 39
An examination of motivations for using the World Wide Web
Tewksbury, D. H., & Althaus, S. L. (2000) · Communication Research Reports · doi:10.1080/08824090009388759 · Cited by 39
Implications for Gifted Education
Shaunessy, E. (2007) · Gifted Child Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0016986207299470 · Cited by 39
A Study of Computer Anxiety Among Business Students
Havelka, D., Beasley, F. M., & Broome, T. (2004) · Mid-American Journal of Business · doi:10.1108/19355181200400007 · Cited by 38
Antecedents of intention and usage toward customers’ mobile commerce: Evidence in Vietnam
Han, S., Nguyen, T. P. T., & Nguyen, V. A. (2016) · Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science · doi:10.1080/21639159.2015.1116796 · Cited by 35
The effect of reticence on college students’ use of electronic mail to communicate with faculty
Kelly, L., Duran, R. L., & Zolten, J. (2001) · Communication Education · doi:10.1080/03634520109379242 · Cited by 33
Kelly, L., Keaten, J. A., & Finch, C. (2004) · Communication Research Reports · doi:10.1080/08824090409359981 · Cited by 33
The New HD Classroom: A "Hyper Diverse" Approach to Engaging with Students.
Browning, L., Gerlich, R. N., & Westermann, L. (2011) · Journal of instructional pedagogies · Cited by 32
Selçuk, H., Jones, J. Y., & Voňková, H. (2019) · Computer Assisted Language Learning · doi:10.1080/09588221.2019.1650781 · Cited by 32
A Research Note on the Dimensionality of Daly and Miller's Writing Apprehension Scale
Bline, D. M., Lowe, D., Meixner, W. F., Nouri, H., & Pearce, K. J. (2001) · Written Communication · doi:10.1177/0741088301018001003 · Cited by 32
The Digital Divide (DD): A Reconceptualization for Educators.
Harper, V. B. (2003) · Cited by 31
Interpreter traits and the relationship with technology and visibility
Mellinger, C. D., & Hanson, T. A. (2018) · Translation and Interpreting Studies · doi:10.1075/tis.00021.mel · Cited by 30
Liu, A., Grande, E. U., López-Sánchez, P., & López, Á. R. (2022) · Technology in Society · doi:10.1016/j.techsoc.2022.102041 · Cited by 33
Differences in Attitudes between Women and Men toward Computerization
Mitra, A., France, B. H. L., & McCullough, S. (2001) · Journal of Educational Computing Research · doi:10.2190/a5lk-kc6g-hpqh-xp52 · Cited by 30
Impact of device, context of use, and content on viewing experience of 360-degree tourism video
Kelling, C., Väätäjä, H., & Kauhanen, O. (2017) · International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Multimedia (MUM) · doi:10.1145/3152832.3152872 · Cited by 29
Wood, E., Willoughby, T., Specht, J., Stern-Cavalcante, W., & Child, C. (2002) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.94.1.164 · Cited by 29
Liu, S.-F., Huang, L., & Chiou, Y. (2011) · Service Industries Journal · doi:10.1080/02642069.2011.574695 · Cited by 29
Faculty Use and Non-Use of Electronic Mail: Attitudes, Expectations and Profiles
Mitra, A., Hazen, M. D., France, B. H. L., & Rogan, R. G. (2006) · Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.1999.tb00097.x · Cited by 28
A multivariate comparison of computer anxiety levels between candidate and tenured school principals
Балоглу, М., & Çevik, V. (2009) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2009.05.007 · Cited by 25
(1986) · De Gruyter eBooks · doi:10.1515/9783110849769-015 · Cited by 24
Susskind, A. M., & Stefanone, M. A. (2010) · Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Technology · doi:10.1108/17579881011022990 · Cited by 23
Technology Acceptance in Social Work Education: Implications for the Field Practicum
Colvin, A. D., & Bullock, A. N. (2014) · Journal of Teaching in Social Work · doi:10.1080/08841233.2014.952869 · Cited by 24
Lee, J.-Y., Suh, E., Park, H., & Lee, S. (2018) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2018.2806078 · Cited by 21
Do I Really Have to Accept Smart Fridges? An empirical study
Alolayan, B. (2014) · Cited by 20
Information Seeking Anxiety: Effects of Gender, Level of Study and Age
Erfanmanesh, M. (2016) · Lincoln (University of Nebraska) · Cited by 19
Textbook Technology Supplements: What Are They Good For?
Sellnow, D. D., Child, J. T., & Ahlfeldt, S. L. (2005) · Communication Education · doi:10.1080/03634520500356360 · Cited by 19
Vician, C. M., & Brown, S. A. (2001) · Journal of Computer Information Systems · doi:10.1080/08874417.2001.11647036 · Cited by 18
‘Let’s play?’ A systematic review of board games in biology
Teixeira, J. D. S., Angeluci, A. C. B., Júnior, P. P., & Martin, J. G. P. (2022) · Journal of Biological Education · doi:10.1080/00219266.2022.2041461 · Cited by 19
Alam, M. Z., & Khanam, L. (2023) · International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Healthcare Marketing · doi:10.1108/ijphm-05-2021-0055 · Cited by 17
Slovak high school students' attitudes toward computers
Kubiatko, M., Haláková, Z., Nagyová, S., & Nagy, T. Z. (2010) · Interactive Learning Environments · doi:10.1080/10494821003612232 · Cited by 17
The effect of computer anxiety on price value trade‐off in the on‐line environment
Suri, R., Lee, J. A., Manchanda, R. V., & Monroe, K. B. (2003) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.10085 · Cited by 17
Adoption of dynamic product imagery for online shopping: does age matter?
Kim, J., & Forsythe, S. M. (2010) · The International Review of Retail Distribution and Consumer Research · doi:10.1080/09593969.2010.504011 · Cited by 15
Applying Technology to Facilitate Poster Presentations
Marek, P., Christopher, A. N., & Koenig, C. S. (2002) · Teaching of Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15328023top2901_12 · Cited by 14
Understanding Consumer Acceptance of M-Wallet Apps
Thanigan, J., Reddy, S., Sethuraman, P., & Rajesh, J. I. (2020) · Journal of Electronic Commerce in Organizations · doi:10.4018/jeco.2021010104 · Cited by 13
E-Readers on Campus: Overcoming Product AdoptionIssues with a Tech-Savvy Demographic
Gerlich, R. N., Browning, L., & Westermann, L. (2011) · Journal of Higher Education Theory and Practice · Cited by 13
Understanding the Antecedents of Perceived Value of Registered Traveler Biometric Systems
Morosan, C. V. (2012) · Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management · doi:10.1080/19368623.2012.631728 · Cited by 13
There's an app for that: The impact of reminder apps on student learning and anxiety
Simmons, L. L., Crook, A. E., Cannonier, C., & Simmons, C. (2018) · Journal of Education for Business · doi:10.1080/08832323.2018.1441120 · Cited by 13
ŞAHİN, M., & Gülnar, B. (2016) · SELÇUK ÜNİVERSİTESİ İLETİŞİM FAKÜLTESİ AKADEMİK DERGİSİ · doi:10.18094/si.10562 · Cited by 13
Wood, E., Willoughby, T., Specht, J., & Porter, L. (2002) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/s0360-1315(01)00071-9 · Cited by 13
Examining Weibo posting anxiety among well-educated youth in China
Li, L., & Lin, T. T. C. (2015) · Information Development · doi:10.1177/0266666915596057 · Cited by 13
The Impact of Technology Anxiety on the Use of Mobile Financial Applications
Lee, C.-P. (2010) · International Journal of Technology Diffusion · doi:10.4018/jtd.2010100101 · Cited by 12
The Influence of Graduate Advisor Use of Interpersonal Humor on Graduate Students
Wrench, J. S., & Punyanunt-Carter, N. M. (2008) · NACADA Journal · doi:10.12930/0271-9517-28.1.54 · Cited by 12
Two voices : social presence, participation, and credibility in online news
Hamman, B. M. (2006) · doi:10.32469/10355/4640 · Cited by 12
Gill, B. E., Russell, M. A., & Rayfield, J. (2012) · Journal of Agricultural Education · doi:10.5032/jae.2012.01005 · Cited by 11
Metadata
- Authors
- Scott, C. R., & Rockwell, S. C.
- Affiliations
- The University of Texas at Austin (US)
- ORCID
- Scott, Craig R.
- Venue
- Communication Education
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 1997-01
- Volume
- 46
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 44-62
- ISSN
- 0363-4523 (ISSN-L)
- 1479-5795
- OpenAlex
- W1996905345
- Cited by
- 182
- References
- 82
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 21.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Communication Education (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender and Technology in Education
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Communication in Education and Healthcare
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Technology Use by Older Adults
- Keywords
- computer anxiety, communication apprehension, writing apprehension, intention to use technology, new communication technologies, text-based communication, prior experience, gender differences, undergraduate students, educational technology
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review