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Plasma glucose and insulin profiles in normal subjects ingesting diets of varying carbohydrate, fat, and protein content.
Abstract
The 12-hr profiles of plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in 26 normal subjects ingesting a diet high in carbohydrate, protein, or fat have been determined. The diets were isocaloric and were given as three identical meals 4 hrs apart. In males the high carbohydrate diet resulted in glucose profiles similar to those obtained with the standard diet. In females the peak glucose concentration also was not increased but the glucose concentration remained elevated longer after each meal. In both groups the insulin curves followed the glucose curves. The post-meal glucose and insulin areas were significantly increased in the female group. The high protein diet resulted in only a small post-meal glucose rise particularly later in the day in both males and females. However, there was a sharp rise in insulin concentration after each meal. The total insulin area after each meal was nearly as great as with the standard diet. The high fat diet, which contained approximately the same carbohydrate content as the high protein diet, induced a clear increase in glucose concentration after each meal in the female group. However, the peak was progressively delayed with each meal. The insulin curves followed the glucose curves. In males a small, prolonged post-meal increase in glucose was observed after each meal. The insulin concentration increased modestly after the first meal and then remained elevated and changed little after the subsequent meals. These data help to define the glucose…
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“In the face of such large differences in fat and protein, nutrients, which are known to influence glucose and insulin responses (Nuttall et al. 1985;Ercan et al. 1994), it is expected that GI of the meal components alone would not predict glycaemic responses.”
From Glycaemic index methodology (2005) · cites this paper as Nuttall et al. 1985
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Brouns, F., Bjorck, I., Frayn, K. N., Gibbs, A. L., Lang, V., Slama, G., & Wolever, T. M. S. (2005) · Nutrition Research Reviews · doi:10.1079/nrr2005100 · Cited by 1,093
Roles of Circadian Rhythmicity and Sleep in Human Glucose Regulation
Cauter, E. V., Polonsky, K. S., & Scheen, A. J. (1997) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/edrv.18.5.0317 · Cited by 632
Nilsson, M. G., Stenberg, M., Frid, A. H., Holst, J. J., & Björck, I. (2004) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/80.5.1246 · Cited by 482
Effect of Protein Ingestion on the Glucose and Insulin Response to a Standardized Oral Glucose Load
Nuttall, F. Q., Mooradian, A. D., Gannon, M. C., Billington, C. J., & Krezowski, P. A. (1984) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.7.5.465 · Cited by 439
Self-citationGannon, M. C., & Nuttall, F. Q. (2004) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.53.9.2375 · Cited by 428
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Metadata
- Authors
- Nuttall, F. Q., Gannon, M. C., Wald, J. L., & Ahmed, M.
- Affiliations
- United States Department of Veterans Affairs (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of the American College of Nutrition
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 1985-01
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 437-450
- ISSN
- 0731-5724 (ISSN-L)
- 1541-1087
- OpenAlex
- W2057798911
- Cited by
- 146
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 3.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of the American College of Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diet, Metabolism, and Disease
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Keywords
- plasma glucose, insulin, postprandial glucose response, high-carbohydrate diet, high-protein diet, high-fat diet, sex differences, meal timing, isocaloric diet
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Blood Glucose, Dietary Carbohydrates, Dietary Fats, Dietary Proteins, Female, Humans, Insulin, Kinetics, Male, Sex Factors
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