Cited by 113Criminal Justice and Corrections AnalysisTorture, Ethics, and LawCriminal Law and Policy

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 56 of the 56 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

White female victims and death penalty disparity research

Open access

Abstract

Empirical studies of the death penalty continue to find that the race and gender of homicide victims are associated with the severity of legal responses in homicide cases even after controlling for legally relevant factors. A limitation of this research, however, is that victim race and gender are examined as distinct and independent factors in statistical models. In this study, we explore whether the independent examination of victim race and gender masks important differences in legal responses to homicides. In particular, we empirically test the hypothesis that defendants convicted of killing white females are significantly more likely to receive death sentences than killers of victims with other race-gender characteristics. Findings indicate that homicides with white female victims were more likely to result in death sentences than other victim race-gender dyads. We posit that this response may be unique and result in differential sentencing outcomes.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1080/07418820400096021

Cites

56 of 56 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 55 references

Research works printed but not linked: 12

  1. Baldus D.C., 1998, America's experiment with capital punishment, 385
  2. Baldus D.C., 2002, Nebraska Law Review, 88, 486
  3. Baldus D.C., 1998, Cornell Law Review, 83, 1638
  4. Eisenberg T., 2003, Cornell Law Review, 88, 306
  5. Grana S.J., 2002, Women and (in)justice
  6. LaFree G.D., 1989, Rape and criminal justice
  7. Nagel I., 1983, Crime and justice: A review of research, 91
  8. Pierce G.L., 2002, Oregon Law Review, 81, 39
  9. Radelet M., 1991, Florida Law Review, 43, 1
  10. Sampson R., 1997, Ethnicity, crime, and immigration: omparative and cross-national perspectives, 311
  11. Schwartz M.D., 1996, Race, gender, and class in criminology
  12. Sundby S.E., 2003, Cornell Law Review, 88, 343

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Metadata

Authors
Holcomb, J. E., Williams, M. R., & Demuth, S.
Affiliations
Bowling Green State University (US)
Corresponding author
Holcomb, Jefferson E.
Venue
Justice Quarterly
Published
2004-12-01
Volume
21
Issue
4
Pages
877-902
ISSN
  • 0741-8825 (ISSN-L)
  • 1745-9109
OpenAlex
W2088647294
Cited by
113
References
55
Citations by year
2026: 6 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 3
FWCI
11.35
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Justice Quarterly (publishedVersion)
  • NC Digital Online Collection of Knowledge and Scholarship (The University of North Carolina at Greensboro) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Torture, Ethics, and Law
  • Social Sciences › Law › Criminal Law and Policy
Keywords
death penalty, homicide, victim race, victim gender, racial disparities, gender disparities, sentencing, gender and race intersection

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review