The DOI matches its Crossref record; 47 of the 47 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
How Much is Too Much? The Development and Validation of the Exercise Dependence Scale
Abstract
This paper presents five studies with 2,420 total participants on the development and validation of the Exercise Dependence Scale (EDS), which is conceptualized based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-IV (APA, 1994) criteria for substance dependence, and differentiates among at-risk, nondependent-symptomatic, and nondependent-asymptomatic exercisers. Results of the studies revealed evidence for the a priori hypothesized components, acceptable test-retest and internal consistency reliability, and content and concurrent validity of the EDS. Individuals at-risk for exercise dependence reported more strenuous exercise, perfectionism, and self-efficacy compared to the nondependent groups. The findings provide initial support for the EDS and indicate the need for a multifaceted approach to its conceptualization and measurement.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. (2013) · Encyclopedia of Social Work · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,519
(1970) · Cited by 24,983
The dimensions of perfectionism
Frost, R. O., Marten, P., Lahart, C., & Rosenblate, R. (1990) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/bf01172967 · Cited by 4,279
Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic
(1989) · Psychiatric Bulletin · doi:10.1192/pb.13.12.698-a · Cited by 3,365
A simultaneous evaluation of 10 commonly used physical activity questionnaires
JACOBS, D. R., AINSWORTH, B. E., HARTMAN, T. J., & LEON, A. S. (1993) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/00005768-199301000-00012 · Cited by 1,675
Advances in sport and exercise psychology measurement
Duda, J. L. (1998) · University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) · Cited by 1,324
Making the grade: a self-worth perspective on motivation and school reform
(1993) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.30-2812 · Cited by 1,069
Body Images: Development, Deviance, and Change
LEVY, N. B. (1992) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.149.3.401-b · Cited by 873
Achievement goals, motivational climate, and motivational processes.
Ames, C. (1995) · Cited by 847
Motivation in Sport and Exercise
Collins, D. (1993) · The Sport Psychologist · doi:10.1123/tsp.7.3.331 · Cited by 840
Cited by
Preliminary validation of the Yale Food Addiction Scale
Gearhardt, A. N., Corbin, W. R., & Brownell, K. D. (2009) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2008.12.003 · Cited by 1,369
Mental health in elite athletes: International Olympic Committee consensus statement (2019)
Reardon, C. L., Hainline, B., Aron, C. M., Baron, D., Baum, A. L., Bindra, A., Budgett, R., Campriani, N., Castaldelli-Maia, J. M., Currie, A., et al. (2019) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2019-100715 · Cited by 1,277
The Exercise Addiction Inventory: A New Brief Screening Tool
Terry, A., Szabo, A., & Griffiths, M. (2004) · Addiction Research & Theory · doi:10.1080/16066350310001637363 · Cited by 504
Compulsive exercise and eating disorders
Meyer, C., Taranis, L., Goodwin, H., & Haycraft, E. (2011) · European Eating Disorders Review · doi:10.1002/erv.1122 · Cited by 433
The exercise addiction inventory: a quick and easy screening tool for health practitioners: Table 1
Griffiths, M. D., Szabo, A., & Terry, A. (2005) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsm.2004.017020 · Cited by 305
Metadata
- Authors
- Hausenblas, H. A., & Downs, D. S.
- Venue
- Psychology & Health
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2002-01
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 387-404
- ISSN
- 0887-0446 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-8321
- OpenAlex
- W1990580798
- Cited by
- 498
- References
- 47
- FWCI
- 1.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: How Much is Too Much? The Development and Validation of the Exercise Dependence Scale. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1080/0887044022000004894
- The paper
- Hausenblas, H. A., & Downs, D. S. (2002). How Much is Too Much? The Development and Validation of the Exercise Dependence Scale. Psychology & Health. https://doi.org/10.1080/0887044022000004894
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.